Chapter 7 - Principals of Biology

Cellular Respiration

A series of metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules.

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Coenzyme in oxidation-reduction reactions that accepts electrons and hydrogen ions to become NADH + H+ as oxidation of substrates occurs. During cellular respiration, NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

A coenzyme of oxidation-reduction that becomes FADH2 as oxidation of substrates occurs in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, FAD then delivers electrons to the electron transport chain.

anaerobic

A chemical reaction that occurs in the absence of oxygen; an example is the fermentation reactions.

aerobic

A chemical process that requires air (oxygen); phase of cellular respiration that requires oxygen.

glycolysis

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and the production of pyruvate; occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

substrate-level ATP synthesis

Process in which ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate from a metabolic substrate to ADP.

fermentation

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate; occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

citric acid cycle

Cycle of reactions in mitochondria that begins with citric acid. This cycle breaks down an acetyl group and produces CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2; also called the Krebs cycle.

preparatory (prep) reaction

Reaction that oxidizes pyruvate with the release of carbon dioxide; results in acetyl CoA and connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

electron transport chain

Process in a cell that involves the passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound electron carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP.

chemiosmosis

Process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts use the energy of an electron transport chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation.

What are the inputs of glycolysis?

6C glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ATP, 4 ADP + 2P

What are the outputs of glycolysis?

2 3C pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ADP, 4 ATP

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

2 net gain of atp

What are the inputs of the prep reaction?

2 pyruvate, 2 CoA

What are the outputs of the prep reaction?

2 acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon disoxide

What are the inputs of the citric acid cycle?

2 acetyl groups, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP + 2 P

What are the outputs of the citric acid cycle?

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O (Glucose + oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water)

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

oxygen