ApHug

Diffusion

The spread of ideas, culture, technology, or beliefs from one place to another

Relocation Diffusion

Spread of ideas through physical movement of people to a new location

Expansion Diffusion

Spread of ideas outward from a hearth while remaining strong at the origin

Contagious Diffusion

Rapid, widespread diffusion with little regard for hierarchy

Hierarchical Diffusion

Diffusion that spreads through power centers or important people or places

Stimulus Diffusion

Idea spreads but is adapted to local culture

Diffusion of Religion Example

Christianity spreading through European colonization and missionaries

Reasons Religions Diffuse

Missionary work, trade, migration, conquest, and universalizing beliefs

Diffusion of Language Example

Spanish spreading to Latin America through colonization

Reasons Languages Diffuse

Trade, colonialism, migration, economic opportunity, and media

Lingua Franca

A common language used by speakers of different native languages

Why English Is a Global Lingua Franca

British colonialism, United States economic power, globalization, and technology

Isogloss

A geographic boundary that separates different language characteristics

Devolution

The transfer of power from a central government to regional governments

Devolution Example

Scotland gaining governing power from the United Kingdom

Causes of Devolution

Ethnic differences, economic inequality, regionalism, and distance from the capital

Imperialism

The control of one country by another through political or economic dominance

Colonialism

The settlement and direct control of one country by another

Colonialism Example

Britain settling and controlling India

Cultural Effects of Colonialism

Language spread, religion spread, cultural suppression, and artificial borders

Neocolonialism

Economic control of developing countries by developed countries

Neocolonialism Example

Multinational corporations exploiting resources in Africa

Territoriality

A group’s emotional attachment to land

Sovereignty

A state’s ability to govern itself without outside interference

Balkanization

The breakdown of a region into smaller, hostile political units

Balkanization Example

Yugoslavia breaking apart into multiple countries

Supranational Organization

An organization made up of multiple states that work together

Supranational Organization Example

European Union

Sovereignty Tradeoff

Giving up some independence in exchange for political or economic benefits

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing population change as a country develops

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model showing how causes of death change with development

DTM Stage 1

High birth and death rates with little population growth

DTM Stage 2

Death rates fall while birth rates remain high causing rapid population growth

DTM Stage 3

Birth rates fall and population growth slows

DTM Stage 4

Low birth and death rates with a stable population

DTM Stage 5

Birth rates fall below death rates causing population decline

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of live births per 1000 people per year

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The growth rate of a population excluding migration

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of infant deaths per 1000 live births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

Replacement Rate

Number of children needed to keep a population stable about 2.1

Population Pyramid

A graph showing the age and sex distribution of a population

Population Pyramid Axes

X axis shows population size and Y axis shows age

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of dependents to the working age population

Population Pyramid Development

The shape of a pyramid shows a countrys level of development and growth trends

Women and Development

As development increases women gain education workforce participation and have fewer children

Inverted Population Pyramid

Indicates an aging population and potential labor shortages

Factors Affecting Population Growth

Politics economy culture health and environment