Agriculture Biology ~ S2 ~ FINAL

Heterozygous

different allele

Homozygous

same allele

Dominant

shows up over recessive

Recessive

doesn’t show up unless 2 recessive alleles are present

Phenotype

look/see/observe

Genotype

genetic makeup

Carrier

has the gene, but it doesn’t show

Alleles

different forms of genes/traits

Gene

traits

Heredity

genetic information passed down from parents

Law of segregation

a gene that is passed on from parents and both are present but they are separated

Sex Chromosome

stores/holds DNA

Co-Dominant

both alleles are expressed when heterozygous

Incomplete dominance

both alleles are mixed when heterozygous

Pedigree Chart

chart which shows the inheritance of a trait over several generations

Transgenic

organisms that have the DNA of another organism inserted into it’s DNA sequence artificially

Haploid

Half of the cell

Diploid

2 haploids come together

Punnett squares

a diagram used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a genetic cross

Meiosis

the splitting of cells twice with only duplicating DNA once creating haploid cells

Mitosis

a cell division process in eukaryotic cell where one parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

Cell Cycle

an exact copy of a cell, makes new cells in the body to replace or grow new cells

Telophase

chromosome halves are enclosed in a nucleus

Anaphase

chromosomes split

Metaphase

chromosomes meet in the middle

Interphase

growth phase to preparing and gearing up for splitting and DNA is duplicated

Cytokinesis

Cell divides into two.

Independent Variable

variable that can stand alone

Dependent Variable

variable that needs to be “supported”

Hypothesis

educated guess

Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics

Charles Darwin

started the idea of how evolution happened in 1859

Innate Behaviors

behaviors that DNA predetermines

Instinct Behaviors

innate/natural behaviors

Homeostasis

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

Metabolism

chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

Habituation

less of a response to a stimulus

Operant conditioning

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

Classical conditioning

an unconscious process where an automatic, conditioned response becomes associated with a specific stimulus

Altruistic behaviors

the behavior of an animal that benefits another at its own expense.

Parental Investment

the amount of time, energy, and involvement that parents put into caring for their offspring

Optimal foraging

although obtaining food provides the animal with energy, searching for and capturing the food requires both energy and time

Learned behaviors

gained from experience in the environment and are not solely instinctive

Nature vs Nurture

Nature is Innate behaviors, while Nurture is learned behaviors

Imprinting

young come to recognize (another animal, person, or thing) as a parent or other object of habitual trust

Acclimations

changes that increase the function of an individual that is not genetic (environmental)

Vestigial organs

body part or organ that continues to exist without retaining its original function

Artificial selection

humans choosing what will live and continue breeding

Four Principles of Natural Selection

Overproduction of offspring, natural variation, adaptation, struggle to survive

DKPCOFGS

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Species

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes

Common ancestor

ancestral organism shared by two or more descendant lineages

Evolution

gradual change of organisms over time

Founder Effect

the founder/first with the higher gene percentage will pass on those genes with a high percent, after the starting population, more people will have a higher percentage of having the traits that starting population had.

Sexual Selection

random matings of certain individuals

Bottleneck

population is randomly eliminated resulting in a population that reflects the genetics of the survivor

Physiological Adaptation

related to the way something functions

Morphological Adaptation

the form or structure of something

Behavioral Adaptation

related to the way something acts

Trophic Levels

different animal levels on the energy pyramid

Ecological biomass pyramid

shows the total total living biomass (organic matter) at different trophic levels

Rule 10%

Gains 10% each level on the energy pyramid

Symbiotic

the act of living together

Mutualism

both are positively affected by each other

Commensalism

one is positively affected while the other is neither harmed or benefited

Parasitism

one negatively affected by one other

Autotroph

Makes own food

Heterotroph

relies on something else to get food

Producers to Consumers

producers make food for the consumers

Carrying capacity

maximum population size of a species

Carbon cycle

movement and cycling of carbon atoms through different parts of the Earth system

Nitrogen cycle

converted in many forms passing through mainly the atmosphere and the soil

Phosphorus cycle

the transformation and translocation of phosphorus through the earth

Nitrogen fixation

nitrogen gets trapped, stored, and used in bacteria

Denitrification

nitrogen is lost back into the atmosphere by bacteria.

Assimilation

process that living organisms absorb nutrients from food (into energy and chemicals body needs to function)

Carbon Cycle fluxes and reservoirs

carbon moving between different storage locations through fluxes

Phosphorus Cycle fluxes and reservoirs

rocks/sediment/living organisms

Water Cycle Fluxes and Reservoirs

change/storage of anything

Eutrophication

the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.