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Alterations of chromosome structure
chromosome breakage can lead to 4 types of changes in chromosome structure: deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation
Recombination of genes
genetic recombination is the production of offspring w/ combinations of traits differing from either parent
offspring w/ phenotype matching one of the parent phenotypes are called parental types
Offspring e/ no parental phenotypes (new combinations of traits) are called recombinants
Gene linkage
linked genes located very close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
ex. Body color and wing size in fruit flies
Linked genes that lead to ratios of offspring that are NOT what we’d predict w/ Punnet square
The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the high the recombination frequency
Mapping the distance between genes
a linkage mal is genetic map of chromosome based on recombination frequencies
Distances between genes can be expressed as map units
1 map unit represents 1% recombination frequency
