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Social Influence Theory
A theory proposed by Herbert Kelman in 1958 that explains how people's attitudes and behaviors change in response to social influences.
Compliance
A form of social influence where behavior is changed in response to a direct or indirect request by another person.
Identification
A process where individuals change their attitudes or behaviors to establish or maintain a satisfying relationship with another person.
Internalisation
The process by which an individual accepts influence because they genuinely agree with the beliefs of the influencing agent.
Obedience
Changing behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure.
Conformity
Changing behavior to align with group norms due to real or implied pressure.
Bystander Effect
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when there are other people present.
Diffusion of Responsibility
A reduction in personal responsibility when in a group, leading to a decreased likelihood of taking action.
Normative Influence
Occurs when individuals conform to group norms to be accepted or not stand out.
Informational Influence
Happens when individuals conform because they seek to be correct and lack information needed to make a decision.
Deindividuation
The process whereby individuals lose self-awareness and feel less inhibited in group situations.
Social Loafing
The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
A psychological process of weighing the benefits of helping against the potential costs of helping.
Audience Inhibition
The failure to act in an emergency due to fear of being judged by others.
Groupthink
A psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity results in irrational decision-making.
Altruism
Helping others without expecting any personal reward; selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Empathy
The ability to sense and share the feelings of another person.
Social Responsibility
The belief that individuals are accountable for acting in ways that benefit society.
Group Size
The impact on conformity; larger groups can increase the likelihood of conformity up to a certain point.
Unanimity
When all members of a group agree on a particular action or belief, increasing the likelihood of conformity.
Milgram's Obedience Study
A landmark study conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1963 exploring obedience to authority figures.
Asch's Line Judgment Task
A study by Solomon Asch in 1951 that examined the effects of group pressure on conformity.
Kitty Genovese Case
A well-known case that highlighted the bystander effect and led to research on social influence in emergencies.
Cults
Groups with a shared commitment to extreme ideologies, often led by charismatic and authoritarian leaders.
Bullying
The recurring act of using power differentials to intentionally cause physical, psychological, or social harm to others.
Reciprocity Principle
The social norm that suggests individuals have an obligation to return favors or kindness shown to them.
Helping Behavior
Voluntary actions aimed at benefiting others.
Diffusion of Responsibility
Occurs when individuals believe that someone else will take responsibility for actions or decisions, leading to inaction.
Cognitive Dissonance
A psychological state that arises when a person experiences conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.
Personal Competence
An individual's confidence in their ability to handle situations, which can influence their likelihood to act pro-socially.
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
The theory that suggests individuals who feel empathy for others are more likely to engage in altruistic behavior.
Decision-Stage Model of Helping
A model that outlines the stages an individual goes through when deciding whether to help in an emergency.
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