Cell Injury

anoxia

total lack of oxygen

hypoxia

partial lack of oxygen

ischema

inadequate blood flow which leads to lack of oxygen/nutrients and excess toxic waste

ionizing radiation

radiation breaks H2O into H+ and OH-, OH- attaches to DNA and prevents cell reproduction, decreases WBC count

microbes

interfere w cell protein synthesis, cell oxygen utilization, or direct damage to cell

hydropic change

cellular swelling occurs as a result of mild injury/stress

steatosis

accumulation of fat

atrophy

decreased size/function of cell, tissue, organ, body part

physiologic atrophy

muscle atrophy w age

pathologic atrophy

result of disease, malnourishment, organs deprived of nutrients/blood

hypertrophy

increases size/function due to increased size of individual cells

hyperplasia

enlargement of tissue/organ due to increased number of cells

metaplasia

reversible change of one cell type to another due to chronic injury or adaptation to new environment

dysplasia

disordered growth, premalignant cells

coagulative necrosis

jelly like flesh cells, occurs in infarct

infarct

area of dead tissue caused by sudden lack of blood flow and oxygen

liquefactive necrosis

cell death turns into abcess

apoptosis

programmed, natural cell death

types of leukocytes (WBCs)

granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

lymphocytes

B-cells and T-cells

monocytes

macrophages

mast cells

release chemical mediators (histamines)

endocrines (hormones)

attract more inflammatory cells from nearby capillaries, circulate in blood, release more inflammatory cells, act on brain to increase body temp (fever)

types of cell derived mediators

histamine, arachidonic acide, nitric oxide, cytokines

arachidonic acid and nitric oxide

vasodilate and increase capillary permeability

cytokines

protein molecules that enhance immune reactions

plasma derived mediators

complement, kinin, and clotting systems

vascular response to inflammation

temporary contraction of local arterioles, dilation, hyperemia, edema

hyperemia

tissues become red/warm, plasma leaks from blood into tissue

chronic inflammation

caused by persistent infection, autoimmune disease, persistent exposure to injurious agents (smoking)

parenchyma

normal functioning cells important for regeneration

stroma

supporting tissue important for regeneration

cell migration/proliferation in scarring process

leukocytes attracted to site produce cytokines, cytokines stimulate migration/proliferation

Angiogenesis in scarring process

growth of blood vessels in the wound