Enlightened people, American & Latin American Revolution

Which monarch was not open to reforms, but tried to improve the conditions of serfs, and was the only female ruler in her family’s dynasty?

Maria Theresa

Which monarch abolished serfdom and the death penalty in their country?

Joseph ll

Which monarch abolished the use of torture, granted freedom of speech and press, and later invaded Austria?

Frederick ll

Who was one of the best educated and cultured monarchs who invited Voltaire to live at their court?

Frederick ll

Which monarch tried the hardest to implement Enlightened reforms, but ultimately failed due to alienating the nobles, church, and the serfs?

Joseph ll

Which monarch liked the idea of Enlightenment reforms but did not enact them?

Catherine ll

Who is an Enlightened Despot?

Someone, who was a ruler that followed some of the Enlightenment ideas but still was an absolutist.

William Pitt the Elder

He Opposed the stamp act, transformed Britain into a dominant global power, and wanted a powerful navy.

Jose de san Martin

A revolutionary leader for the Independence of Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spanish rule.

Miguel Hidalgo

He is a Catholic priest who started Grito de Dolores, a rally that was unsuccessful.

Toussaint Louverture

Led the Haitian revolution allowing the freedom of slaves, then he was captured and died.

Simon de Bolivar

He Liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to create one grand country called Gran Colombia.

Peninsulares

Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain. Held all important positions and dominated Latin America.

Creoles

Descendants of Europeans born in Latin America and lived there permanently. Resented the peninsulares and favored Enlightenment ideals. Controlled land and business under the peninsulares.

Mestizos

Lowest class, but largest section of the population. Made up from native people who are laborers and servants.

Monroe Doctrine

It states that European powers should not interfere in the affairs of the western hemisphere and that the america’s are closed to further colonization from the Europeans.

Latin American

Everything from Mexico to Argentina except Guyana Suriname and French Guiana. Also they speak Spanish.

Stamp Act

A British tax imposed on the American colonies in 1765, requiring a stamp to be purchased and affixed to all paper documents, including legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards.

Viceroy

A ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.

No taxation without representation!

The Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Quartering Act.

Causes for the American Revolution

It was driven by the fact that a bunch of wealthy, old men did not want to pay their taxes.

Lexington and Concord

Fighting between the colonists and the British in April 1775.

Treaty of Paris

The Revolutionary War ended with the signing of this Treaty 1783.

Catholicism

The faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

3 key ideas of slavery

1. Slavery was an ancient practice of taking captives in war.

2. Muslims traded with East Africans for slaves.

3. The transatlantic slave trade began after Europeans set up colonies in the Americas.

Role of Spain and Portugal in slave trade

They were the ones to start slaving in Africa creating the transatlantic slave trade.

2 reasons for slave trade

1. Labor shortage.

2. Ethnocentrism (feelings of superiority)

Explain the difference between tight pack and loose pack.

Tight pack causes more death and higher profits but, loose pack causes less death and less profits.

List and explain 2 reasons why enslaved African labor was used.

They had experience and knowledge working in sugar and rice plantations. Also, because of their skin color it was much more difficult for slaves to run away.

Slaves resistance

They would work slower, breaking tools, and even poison food.

Role of the cotton gin in slavery.

The cotton Gin was 100 times faster than by hand meaning they now need more slaves.;

Choose 2 Enlightenment philosophers and give examples of how their ideas influenced the Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the United States.

Voltaire’s Enlightenment ideas influenced both documents by implementing freedom of speech and religion. Montesquieu’s Enlightenment ideas influenced both documents by implementing a system of checks and balances and the separation of powers in our government.

How did Montesquieu influence the US Constitution?

Montesquieu influenced the US Constitution by implementing a system of checks and balances and also, separation of powers within the government.

How did Locke influence the US Constitution?

The government must have the consent of the governed and also, cannot deny the people of their basic rights to life, liberty, and property.

How did Voltaire influence the US Constitution?

Voltaire advocated and implemented the US Constitution for freedom of speech and religion.

How did Rousseau influence the US Constitution?

Rousseau believed that all people were born good, but corrupted by their environment, bad government, and laws. He implemented into the US Constitution the idea of popular sovereignty and that all the people can vote.