BIOL 101 - Unit 6 - FINAL

shoots:

above ground, contains leaves, stems flowers

roots

below ground, contains roots

fibrous

complex branched roots all of similar size

taproot:

large center root with smaller lateral roots

types of roots

taproot, fibrous, root hairs

types of growth zones

apical meristems and lateral meristems

apical meristems

located at the end of structures, extend stems, roots, buds, and leaves

lateral meristems

causes increases in diameter and secondary growth in older stems

vascular system

xylem and phloem

xylem

1. hallow tubes of dead cells

2. brings water up from ground

3. absorbs needed minerals

phloem

1. living cells from long chains

2. transports sugars

outer layer of stem

epidermis

structure of dicot stem

vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) arranged in circular pattern around perimeter of stem

structure of monocot stem

vascular bundles arranged throughout stem

structure of monocot stem

vascular bundles arranged throughout stem

four leaf structures

1. epidermis

2. mesophyll

3. veins

4. stomata

four root structures

1. vascular bundles

2. epidermis

3. root hairs

4. growth zone

epidermis

protective outer layer covered in cuticle to hold water

mesophyll

(spongy layer) photosynthetic layer

veins

vascular bundles

stomata

portals allowing water vapor and exchange

root hairs

small projections that increase the surface area

non-sexual structures

petal and sepals (defensive little leaves at the base of the flower)

male structure

stamen: anther (produces pollen at head of the structure)

filament (structure that gives height)

female structure

carpel: ovary (forms seeds

style (structure that gives height)

stigma (opening traps pollen)

double fertilization

pollen contains two sperm nuclei 1. fuses with egg2. fuses to form endosperm (tissue that protects and nourishes seed)

gravitropism

orientation of growth in response to gravity (roots grow down shoots grow up)

phototropism

orientation of growth in response to light

thigmotrophism

orientation of growth in response to touch (cucumbers and ferns)

types of plants

vascular and nonvascular

types of vascular

seedless ad with seeds

types of plants with seeds

angiosperms and gymnosperms

types of angiosperms

monocots and dicots

vascular plants

contains system of tubes and vessels to allow materials to flow quickly

nonvascular

does not contain vascular system instead uses osmosis (like mosses)

life cycle of nonvascular

gametophyte and sporophyte

gametophyte

green leafy part that produces gametes (sperm and egg)

sporophyte

made up of stalk and capsule that produces spores

seedless plant

have vascular system but produces spores (fern)

gymnosperms

nonflowering plants (pines and ginkgo)

angiosperms

flowering plants

monocots

1. parallel veined leaves

2. one cotyledon

3. petals in 3s

4. fiberous roots

dicots

1. branch veined leaves

2. two cotyledons

3. petals in 4s and 5s

4. taproots

ecology

the study of how organisms interact with their environments

levels of organization

1. species/ organism

2. population

3. community

4. ecosystems

5. biosphere/biome

species/organism

group of organisms that can reproduce

population

a group of interacting organisms of the same species occupying the same area

community

populations of different species that live together in place

ecosystem

community + abiotic factors

biosphere/biome

portion of earth that supports life

habitat

the physical space occupied by and where individuals or populations coexist

ways to determine population size

1. directly count

2. sampling

3. capture-mark-recapture

sampling

count small area and extrapolate to large area

capture-mark-recapture

count number of marked individuals on recapture and use to estimate total population

assumptions in capture-mark-recapture

1. marking has no effect on mortality

2. marking has no effect on likelihood of being recaptured

3. no immigration or emigration between samples

types of population distribution

1. clumped

2. nearly uniform

3. random (ferns)

clumped distribution

most common and used for protection (herd/schools)

nearly uniform distribution

may result in direct interactions between individuals and territoriality (penguins and birds)

random distribution

due to lack of interaction or distribution of resources

important population stats

number of deaths"? births? reproducing females? immigrations and emmigrations?

population growth calculation

births + immigration - deaths + emigration

exponential growth

ideal conditions with no limiting factors have a constant growth rate with j shaped curve

logistic growth

limiting factors present has s shaped curve as resources become less available

logistic growth limiting factors

density independent factors and density dependent factors

density independent factors

kills all no matter density (natural disasters)

density dependent factors

increase as population, increases (competition, predation, disease)

carrying capacity

the max number of organisms that can be sustained in an environment

logistic growth and carrying capacity

logistic growth occurs when carry capacity is met

mismanagement

ex: deer introduced with no predators or competition

community ecology

study if interaction

niche

the place an organism lives and its role in its habitat

6 factors affecting communities

1. climate/topography of habitat

2. available natural resources

3. physical disturbances within habitat

4. variations in population size

5. adaptive traits in species

6. species interactions

types of species interactions

1. neutral

2. mutualism/symbiotic (both benefit

3. commensalism (one benefit one neutral)

4. parasitism (one benefits one harmed)

5. predation (one benefits one killed)

predatory carrying capacity

dynamics depends on available prey populations

organism defenses

1. camouflage

2. warning coloration

3. mimicry

4. chemical defenses

5. projectile defenses

predator responses to prey defenses

1. camouflage

2. stealth

3. toxin immunity

keystone species

dominant species that dictates community structure (saguaro cactus, lions, wolves)

interspecies competition

two or more species try to utilize the same limited resource

competitive exclusion

one species dominates over limited resource until competition is forced out

resource partitioning

species utilize different parts of limited resource (one is active at night one is active during day)

ecological succession

establishing of communities in previously uninhabited areas

primary ecological succession

1. pioneer species

2. more species

3. climax community

primary ecological succession step 1

hardy pioneer species with short life cycles (like mosses) improve environment by breaking down rock into soil and adding nutrients will become food for future species

primary ecological succession step 2

more organisms added make the beginning of the food web (insects, plants, fungi) feed on pioneers as more and more species are added

primary ecological succession step 3

a stable environment that is self-sustaining

secondary ecological succession

community clearing

ecosystems

the system resulting from the interaction of all living and nonliving factors of the environment

primary energy source

the sun

autotrophs

plants and other producers (self-feeders)

heterotrophs

consumers and decomposers

primary energy output

heat

components of food web

1. autotrophs

2. consumers

3. heterotrophs

4. herbivores

5. carnivores

6. parasites

7. detritivores

detritivores

decomposers feed on decaying matter

role of plants in food web

store energy from son as carbohydrates

role of herbivores in food web

convert plant carbs into energy top reproduce and grow

role of carnivores in food web

convert herbivore bodies into energy to reproduce and grow

2nd law of thermodynamics relates to food web

amount of useable energy is decreasing less predators than prey

1st trophic level

primary producers (autotrophs or plant)

2nd trophic level

primary consumers (herbivores)

higher trophic levels

complex array of carnivores and omnivores