SDSU Nutri201 Exam 3

what are lipids & major types

“fats”

• triglycerides

• cholesterol

• phospholipids

triglyceride

• glycerol + 3 fatty acid

• 95% of dietary lipids

• adipose fat

short triglyceride chain length

• 2-6 C’s

• mostly supplements

• water soluable

medium triglyceride chain lengths

6-10 Cs

long triglyceride chains

• 12+ C’s

• Fat soluble, hard to break down

• easiest to get in diet and not always saturated

• 22+ long chains are bad

determining unsaturated vs saturated fat

• Amt of H (max 4) per 1 C

• saturated fat - single bonds

• monounsaturated - 1 double bond

• polyunsaturated - 2 double bond

bends in fatty acid backbone

At room temp;

• no bends = solid

• bends = liquid

• bends occur with

only for unsaturated fats

occur bc of a cis double bond making it bend

examples of saturated fat

animal fats and tropical oils

examples of unsaturated fat

plant fats (peanut, soybeans, olives) (l)

cis double bonds

H on same side of fatty acid backbone

most common

trans double bonds

H across fatty acid backbones

produced by fat into sat fat

top sources of omega fatty acid

• slamon

• herring

• manhaden

• anchovies

• sardines

• flaxseeds

• canola oil

• walnuts

• eggs

fatty essential acid

• means humans can’t make it so it has to be eaten

• linoleic acid - 18 C , fatty acid Omega 6 , polyunsat fatty acid

• alpha-linolenic acid - omega 3 fatty acid

• omega 3 is bigger than omega 6

linolenic AMDRs

• linoleic acid - 5-10% of kcals

• linolenic acid/n-3s - .6-1.2 of kcals

Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Symptoms

• aka EFA

• Reproductive failures

• skin abnormalities

• kidney & liver disorders

• growth and vision impairment in infants

fatty acid nomenclature

example:

cis X - Y:Z like cis9-16:1

cisX - where the double bonds are located in the chain (i.g. X’th chain)

Y - amt of carbon atoms

Z - amt of double bonds

rmbr that sat fat has 0 double bonds, so no ‘cisX’ or Z values

Lauric Acid

12:0

Sat fat, 12 C, 0 db

Myristic Acid

14:0

Sat fat, 14 C, 0 db

Palmitic Acid

16:0

sat fat, 16 C, 0 db

Stearic Acid

18:0

sat fat, 18 C, 0 db

arachidic acid

20:0

sat fat , 20 C , 0 db

palmitoleic acid

cis9-16:1

unsat fat , db at 9th , 16 C , 1 db

Oleic Acid

cis9-18:1

unsat , db at 9th, 18 C, 1 db

Linoleic acid

cis9,cis12-18:2

unsat , db at 9th and 12th, 12 C , 2 db

linolenic acid

cis9,cis12,cis15-18:3

unsat fat , db at 9th 12th and 15th, 18 C , 3 db

arachidonic acid

cis 5, cis 8, cis 11, cis 14-20:4

unsat fat , db at 5th 8th 11th 14th , 20 C , 4 db

Eicosatetraenoic acid

cis 5 , cis 8 , cis 11, cis 14, cis 17-20:5

unsat fat , db at 5th 8th 11th 14th 17th , 20 C , 5 db

Docosahexaenoic acid

cis 4 cis 7 cis 10 cis 13 cis 16 cis 19 - 22:6

unsat , db at 4th 7th 10th 13th 16th 19th , 22 C , 6 db

Glycerol

• not lipid soluble

• prod in CHO metabolism

• convert to CHO thru gluconeogensis

cholesterol

found strictly only in animals

chicken giblets have most

used for:

• transmitting nerve impulses thru body

• vit D source for skin

• part of all cell membranes

• makes sex hormones

• forms bile acid in liver

olestra

fat substitute that is used in some food products to reduce their fat and calorie content with chemically modifying veggies oil

lipoprotein health issues

• coronary hearth disease

• plaque formation

olestra pros

• 0 kcals

• 0 fat , sat , and trans fat

• 0 cholesterol

• withstands frying and baking

• tastes like fat

olestra cons

• vitamin loss

• phytochemical losses

• digestive sys upset

• anal leakage

• expensive

• no long term study in children

fat replacers effectiveness

can assist but easily negligent if later compensated

• less kcal

• less sat fat

• more nutrients

random tips to decrease fat

• grill , roast , bake , microwave , stir fry , poach

• light dressing & large green portions

• reduce butter , creamy sauces , cheese , bacon

• only use lean meats

• home made prep > premade & prepacked

benefits of the Mediterranean diet

• reduced blood clotting

• reduced LDL cholesterol 

• reduced vulnerability for LDL cholesterol to oxidate

• reduced blood pressure

• provides phytochems for antioxidants

consistency of Mediterranean diet

• low red meat

• high nut , fruit , fish , seafood

• fufills American Dietary Guidelines

phospholipids

• sim to triglyceride except one fatty acid is replaces with phosphate groups

phospholipid function

for the cell membrane and metabolic parts

• hydrophobic tails to fatty acid

• hydrophilic heads to water

Importance of fat

• top energy storage as macronutrient

• forms cell walls

• hormone like compounds

organs involved with fat digestion

• gallbladders - tell when fat eaten

• pancreas - lipase digests fat

digestion of long chain fatty acids

• triglycerides broken down into fatty acid , glycerol , chol , and PL

• absorbed in intestinal cells

• repacked as chylomicron

• transported in lymph to blood

medium and short chains of fatty acids

• water solubility lets it absorbed into blood

• transported directly into liver

metabolism of fatty acid

• energy

• extra triglycerides and glycerol are stored

metabolism of adipose tissues

• stored with glycerol and triglycerides

metabolism of chylomicron remnnrs

• travel to liver

• packed as lipoprotiens

• circulates in blood

what happens from fat in adipose tissue to the time it is produced into atp

1. lipolysis - triglycerides broken into fatty acid and glycerol

2. beta oxidation - cells uptake fatty acid and breaks them down into acetyl-CoA, producing high energy molecules of NADH & FADH₂

3. Krebs cycle and electron transport chain - krebs generates more NADH and FADH₂ that move into electron transport chain and energy generates large amts of atp

ASK KEIRA IF THIS IS WHAT IS MEANT

what happens from fat in fatty acid to the time it is produced into atp

1. activation and transportation - fatty acid attatch to coenzyme A, forming fatty acyl-CoA and transported thru mitochondrial matrix

2. beta oxidation - cells uptake fatty acid and breaks them down into acetyl-CoA, producing high energy molecules of NADH & FADH₂

3. Krebs cycle and electron transport chain - krebs generates more NADH and FADH₂ that move into electron transport chain and energy generates large amts of atp

what happens from fat in chylomicron remnants to the time it is produced into atp

1. hydrolysis - chylomicron remnants circulate in blood stream and their triglycerides become broken down by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in fatty acid and glycerol

2. beta oxidation - cells uptake fatty acid and breaks them down into acetyl-CoA, producing high energy molecules of NADH & FADH₂

3. Krebs cycle and electron transport chain - krebs generates more NADH and FADH₂ that move into electron transport chain and energy generates large amts of atp

4. rest of chylomicron eaten by lysomes in liver into more triglys and repeat

lipoproteins

• water soluble form

• classified based on density (lipid and protein content)

obesity related conditions

• hypertension

• heart disease

• foot

weight assessment methods for kids

growth charts

weight assessment methods for adults

body mass index aka Quetelet Index

weight (kg) / height (meters)²

• kg = lbs/2.2

• meters = ( inches * 2.54 ) / 100

BMI obesity level

• 30

• does not account for body comp tho

hamwi formula

• male : 100lbs for first 5 ft + 6 lbs for each inch after

• female : 100 for first 5 ft + 5lbs for each inch after

body comp 2 model assessment

fat

• percentage

• subcutaneous - under skin fat

• visceral - fat for organs

lean

• muscle tissue

• organs

• water

• bone

healthy fat levels

men - 8-20%

• essential 3-5%

women - 15-25%

• essential 12%

dual energy absorptiometry (DEXA)

xrays beams through body to differ between lean mass and fat mass to create a generated image

skinfold thickness

use a pincher (calipers) measure thickness of a fat fold to estimate body fat

bioelectrical impedance

weak current through the body, mostly lean has a free current and mostly fat impedes the current

more impedance = more fat

less impedance = less fat

problems

• fasted

• hydrated

• no excercise

hydrostatic weighting

person fully exhales and is submerged in water and weight determined by water displacement

• person has to remain motionless tho

fat distribution

• abdominal areas - high risk of obesity issues

• lower body (legs/thighs) - low risk of obesity issues

android body shape

male often

square

gynoid pear shape

mostly women

pear

how to improve body weight and comp

• diet - lower energy intake

• exercise - burning more calories, has to be a consistent form like walking everywhere instead of potatoing

• behavioral mods - writing down diet and activity, milestone rewards, positive behaviors > punishments 

• drugs - work but low nut

• surgery - work but also like low nut

types of lipoproteins

• VLDL - high levels are bad, can carry hazardous things like cholesterol and triglycerides

• LDL - high levels are bad

• HDL - high levels are good, it’s doing its job

protein sources

• meat

• dairy

• fish

• poultry

• egg

• nuts

• soybeans

protein complementation

combo foods with incomplete proteins to provide adequate amts of all essential amino acids

protein requirements

• (lbs 2.2) = kg * 0.8

• adult RDA - .8 g/kg

• AMDR - 10 to 35 % kcal

function of protein

• enzymes - catalyst, reactions go faster

• hormones - produced often in gland and used elsewhere

• structures - for muscle contraction

• transport - molecules across cell membranes and in circulatory systems

• immunoproteins - fight off infection