Heimler's video notes

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing hierarchical relationships in society and the practice of filial piety, revived by the Song Dynasty rulers.

Filial piety

The practice of honoring one's ancestors and parents, a key aspect of Confucian teachings.

Neo-Confucianism

A blend of Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas, influencing the Song Dynasty's philosophical outlook.

Imperial bureaucracy

A system in the Song Dynasty where positions were awarded based on merit through civil service exams to ensure obedience to the emperor's rule.

Foot binding

A practice in the Song Dynasty where women's feet were bound, symbolizing their subordinate position in society.

Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism emphasizing compassion and devotion, available to all individuals.

Theravada Buddhism

The original form of Buddhism, restricted to monks only for a select few.

Four Noble Truths

Fundamental beliefs in Buddhism, including the nature of suffering and the path to its cessation.

Eightfold Path

Principles and practices in Buddhism that followers must adhere to, including moral conduct and meditation.

Widespread commercialization

The Song Dynasty's economic strategy of producing excess goods for the world market using paper money and credit practices.

Feudalism

A system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights where land is exchanged to maintain loyalty and power distribution.

Manorialism

A system where peasants (serfs) are bound to land, working in exchange for protection from the lord and his military forces.

Silk Roads

A network of roads and trails facilitating trade, cultural diffusion, and the spread of ideas across Eurasia.

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace and stability under Mongol rule, facilitating trade and cultural exchanges along the Silk Roads.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

A network of sea routes connecting states through trade, influenced by the spread of Islam and advancements in transportation technologies.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

A series of trade routes connecting North Africa with West Africa, driven by transportation technologies and the exchange of goods like gold and salt.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing Empires that expanded using gunpowder weapons, leading to significant territorial growth and power.

Qing Dynasty

Established by the Manchu people during the decline of the Ming dynasty, they expanded their territory through a 40-year campaign and ruled over regions like Taiwan and Mongolia.

Devshirme System

Implemented by the Ottomans, it involved enrolling high-trained individuals, often enslaved Christian boys, into the bureaucracy to serve as elite soldiers like the Janissaries.

Divine Right of Kings

A concept in Europe where kings ruled with the approval of Jesus, making opposition to the king seen as opposition to God.

Caravel

A type of ship developed by the Portuguese that was nimble, navigable, and equipped with cannons, aiding in their maritime exploration and trade dominance.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres following Columbus' contact, leading to significant impacts on both regions.

Encomienda System

Utilized by the Spanish, it forced indigenous Americans to work for colonial authorities in exchange for food and protection, resembling a form of feudalism in the Americas.

Chattel Slavery

A labor system where individuals were treated as property, often based on race and hereditary, leading to the dehumanization and exploitation of enslaved individuals.

Hacienda System

Large agricultural estates in Spanish colonies where laborers, often indigenous people, were forced to work the fields for the elite Spaniards, focusing on economic gains from food production.

African Slave Trade

The trade of African individuals as slaves, leading to cultural assimilation and the demand for enslaved women in domestic work.

Mercantilism

An economic system focusing on accumulating mineral wealth by maintaining a favorable balance of trade, with exports exceeding imports.

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses with limited liability, funded by a group of investors and often chartered by the state, granting trade monopolies in regions.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement applying rationalism and empiricism to understand the natural world and human relationships, leading to new beliefs and political ideas.

Deism

A belief system popular among Enlightenment thinkers, asserting that a God created the universe and then left it to run its course.

Nationalism

A sense of common identity among people based on shared language, religion, and social customs, often linked to a desire for territorial sovereignty.

Social Contract

The idea that societies, endowed with natural rights, form governments to protect these rights, with the right to overthrow tyrannical governments.

Suffrage

The right to vote, which expanded over time, allowing broader participation in political processes.

Abolition of Slavery

The movement to end the practice of slavery, influenced by Enlightenment criticism of the institution, leading to its abolition in various countries.

Feminist Movements

Movements advocating for gender equality and women's rights, demanding equal treatment and suffrage.

Industrial Revolution

Process where states transitioned from agrarian economies to industrial economies, changing the world's balance of political power and reordering societies.

British Colonies

Established in America, developed unique culture/government due to distance from Britain, leading to tensions over new taxes and curtailment of freedoms.

French Revolution

Sparked by war debts, curtailment of freedoms, and adoption of enlightenment principles, leading to the establishment of a republic and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Haitian Revolution

Enslaved Haitians revolted inspired by the French Revolution, defeating the French and establishing the first black government.

Latin American Revolutions

Inspired by enlightenment ideas, colonies won independence and formed Republican governments, led by figures like Simon Bolivar.

Propaganda Movement

Filipino movement influenced by enlightenment ideas, leading to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule.

Unification of Italy & Germany

Military leaders inspired unification under single governments through diplomacy and military tactics.

Steam Engine

In the Industrial Revolution, converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy, revolutionizing factory production and transportation.

Bessemer Process

Made iron stronger and cheaper, leading to its widespread use in building bridges, railroads, and ships during the Industrial Revolution.

Transnational Corporations

Companies established in one country but with operations in many others, relying on developed banking and finance practices for global ventures.

Urban Reforms

Government actions and investments in sanitation infrastructure like sewers to address the issues caused by the growing urban population.

Labor Union

A collective of workers joining together to protect their interests, advocating for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions.

Marxism

Ideology by Karl Marx believing capitalism's instability due to class division, advocating for a classless society through a violent revolution.

Self-strengthening Movement

Reforms in Qing China aiming at industrialization and modernization, hindered by conservative resistance.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman reforms including building textile factories, western-style law codes, and education systems, leading to the rise of the Young Ottomans seeking political change.

Industrial Working Class

Rural workers moving to urban areas for work, facing dangerous conditions, crowded living, and disease spread.

Scientific Racism

Idea ranking humans based on race, dividing humanity into hierarchies, and justifying superiority based on race.

Social Darwinism

Theory by Charles Darwin emphasizing "survival of the fittest," used to justify the superiority of Western industrial societies.

Civilizing Mission

Duty of Western societies to bring their civilization to "lower" societies through missionary work, education, and governance.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where imperial powers send their people to inhabit already populated territories, like British colonies in Australia and New Zealand.

Economic Imperialism

The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means, leading to dependency of the colonial population on the colonizing overlords.

Opium Wars

Series of conflicts where Britain forced China to open new trading ports through the export of opium, leading to China's economic domination by Western powers.

Commodity Trade

The exchange of goods like cotton and palm oil on the market, shaping the world economy to benefit imperial powers at the expense of colonial populations.

Causes of Migration

Factors like environmental changes, technological advancements, and economic needs that drove people to relocate voluntarily or through coerced labor.

Effects of Migration

Consequences such as gender imbalances, the formation of ethnic enclaves, and nativism resulting from the movement of people across regions.

Nativism

Policy favoring native-born individuals over immigrants, rooted in ethnic and racial prejudices, leading to discriminatory government actions like the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Total War

A conflict involving the mobilization of a country's entire population, both military and civilian, to contribute to war efforts, as seen in World War I with the involvement of all sectors of society.

Woodrow Wilson

US president advocating for self-determination as a guiding principle post-WWI peace negotiations

Mandate system

League of Nations-administered system classifying territories into A, B, and C mandates based on development and population

Japan's Expansion

Violation of League of Nations rules, leading to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Colonial Resistance

Movements like Indian National Congress and African National Congress against imperial powers

Fascism

Extreme nationalism, authoritarianism, and materialistic goals seen in Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany

Blitzkrieg

Rapid military strategy combining air assaults and quick infantry movements, used by Germany in WWII

Cold War

State of ideological hostility between the US and Soviet Union, characterized by economic and technological rivalry

Iron Curtain

Metaphor for the political divide between Eastern and Western Europe, coined by Winston Churchill in 1946

Truman Doctrine

US policy to contain communism, especially in Greece and Turkey, to prevent its spread

Space Race

Competition between the US and Soviet Union in aerospace developments, including the mission to land the first human on the moon.

Berlin Airlift

Allies flew supplies into their Berlin zones until the Soviets lifted the blockade.

Federal Republic of Germany

Western part of Germany after the split, democratic in nature.

German Democratic Republic

Eastern part of Germany after the split, communist in nature.

Berlin Wall

Wall built by the German Democratic Republic to prevent its population from escaping.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Western nations' treaty for mutual support and cooperation against conflicts.

Warsaw Pact

Alliance formed by the communist bloc, led by Moscow.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Formed to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

Anti-Soviet treaty organization in the Middle East.

Proxy Wars

Wars during the Cold War where smaller countries' armies acted as stand-ins for major powers.

Korean War

Conflict between North and South Korea, involving the UN and China.

Vietnam War

Conflict between North and South Vietnam, with US involvement.

Cuban Revolution

Communist revolution in Cuba led to an alliance with the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Tensions between the US and the Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Agreement to halt nuclear testing (except underground) due to environmental risks.

Cultural Revolution

Mao Zedong's effort to strengthen China's commitment to communism.

Theocracy

Form of government where religion holds supreme authority.

Land Reform

Redistribution or changes in land laws and regulations.

Great Leap Forward

Chinese policy promoting land reforms and communes.

White Revolution

Progressive reforms in Iran.

Pan-Africanism

Idea of African unity and common interests.

National Liberation Front (FLN)

Radical nationalist movement in Algeria.

Camp David Accords

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel mediated by the US.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

Formed to seek the return of occupied lands and create an independent Palestine.

Kashmir Conflict

Dispute between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir.

Women's Power in South Asia

The role and influence of women in South Asian societies.

Women's Voting Rights in India and Pakistan

Women in both India and Pakistan had the right to vote.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

First Female Prime Minister:Sirimavo Bandaranaike became the world's first female prime minister in Ceylon/Sri Lanka in 1960.

Indira Gandhi's Economic Reforms

Indira Gandhi, after becoming India's prime minister, implemented economic reforms that strengthened the country's economy.