Introduction to Aldehydes and Ketones

Flashcards for the key concepts of Aldehydes and Ketones, covering their properties, uses, reactions, and naming conventions.

What defines a Carbonyl group?

A carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Describe Aldehydes.

Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl group.

Describe Ketones.

Ketones have two carbons attached to the carbonyl group.

What is the IUPAC name for formaldehyde?

Methanal.

What is the IUPAC name for acetone?

Propan-2-one.

What is formalin?

Formalin is a 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde used for sterilization and embalming.

Why are aldehydes and ketones common in biology?

The carbonyl functional group is present in many biological compounds, including hormones like progesterone and testosterone.

Give an example of a fragrant aldehyde.

Vanillin, commonly sourced from vanilla beans.

How do you name an aldehyde?

The name ends with 'al' after removing the 'e' from the alkane name.

What are the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones compared to alcohols?

Aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points than alcohols due to lack of hydrogen bonding.

What type of intermolecular forces are present in aldehydes and ketones?

Aldehydes and ketones exhibit dipole-dipole interactions.

What is a common use of acetone?

Acetone is widely used as a solvent.

Can ketones react with Tollens' or Benedict's reagents?

No, ketones do not react with these reagents.

What is the result of the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

Both are reduced to alcohols in the presence of reducing agents.

What can be formed from the reaction of aldehydes and alcohols?

Hemiacetals and acetals.

How is glucose cyclized in water?

Glucose cyclizes to form either a hemiacetal or an acetal depending on conditions.

What type of bonding occurs during dehydration synthesis?

Dehydration bonding is the formation of bonds by removing an equivalent of water.

What functional group is formed in maltose?

An acetal is formed from the bonding of two glucose molecules.

Why are aldehydes more oxidizable than ketones?

Aldehydes have a hydrogen attached to the carbonyl carbon, making them more susceptible to oxidation.