verbal expression before an audience that has chosen to listen
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Symbolic speech
the use of actions and symbols, in addition to or instead of words, to express ideas
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Category
a division within a system of classification
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Obscenity
anything that treats sex or nudity in an offensive or lewd manner, violates recognized standards of decency and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
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Slander
false speech that damages a person's reputation
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Defamation
false expression that injures a person's reputation
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Libel
false written or published statements that damage a person's reputation
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"Fighting words"
words spoke face-to-face that are likely to cause immediate violence
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Commercial speech
speech where the speaker is more likely to be engaged in commerce and the intended audience is commercial, actual, or potential consumers
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Seditious speech
speech urging the resistance to lawful authority or advocating the overthrow of the government
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Require
to claim or ask for by right and authority
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Censorship
the act of governments prohibiting the use of publications or productions they find offensive or contrary to their own interests
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Prior restraint
censorship of information before it is published
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Presume
to take for granted, assume, or suppose
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Outcome
a final product or end result
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Gag order
an order by a judge barring the press from publishing certain types of information about a pending court case
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Sequester
to hold in isolation
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Petition
to request
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Significant
having or likely to have influence or effect
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Establishment clause
the First Amendment guarantee that prohibits state and federal governments from setting up churches, passing laws aiding one or all religions or favoring one religion over another, or passing laws requiring attendance at any church or belief in any religious idea
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Secular
nonreligious; not associated with any faith-based organization
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Inhibit
to prohibit from doing something
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Excessive
going beyond the usual, necessary, or proper limit or degree
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Free exercise clause
the First Amendment guarantee that prohibits the government from unduly interfering with the free exercise of religion
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Graven image
an idol or physical object of worship
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Guarantee
an assurance for the fulfillment of a condition
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Jim crow laws
any of the laws requiring racial segregation in places like schools, hotels, and public transportation in the South between the end of the Reconstruction period to the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s
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Substantive due process
the principle requiring that a government action not unreasonably interfere with a fundamental or basic right
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Equal protection clause
prohibits government actions from unreasonably discriminating between different groups of people
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Rational basis
a standard of judicial review that examines whether a legislature had a reasonable and not an arbitrary reason for enacting a particular statute
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Strict scrutiny
a standard of judicial review for a challenged policy in which the court presumes the policy to be invalid unless the government can demonstrate a compelling interest to justify the policy
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Substantial relationship
a standard of judicial review that examines whether there is a close connection between the law or practice and its purpose; specifically, laws that classify based on gender must serve an important governmental purpose
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Incorporation doctrine
the process by which the Bill of Rights was extended to the states and localities
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Selective incorporation
the process by which the Supreme Court decided on a case-by-case basis which federal rights also applied to the states
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Discrimination
treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit
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Civil rights movement
the struggle by African Americans in the mid-1950s to late 1960s to be free of racial discrimination and to achieve rights, freedoms, and opportunities equal to those of whites
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Sit-ins
organized demonstration tactic in which participants seat themselves in a significant location and refuse to move; a form of peaceful protest
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Picketed
demonstrated, as against a government's policies or actions
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Disability
a physical or mental condition that causes a person to have difficulty seeing, hearing, talking, walking, or performing basic activities of daily living
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Affirmative action
policies that give preference to women or minorities for jobs, promotions, admission to schools, or other benefits, in order to make up for past or current discrimination
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Racial quotas
a certain number of spots reserved for minorities
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Diverse
of various kinds or forms
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Sphere
the place or environment within which a person or thing exists
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Militia
local groups of armed citizens
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Monitor
to watch, keep track of, or check
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Survellance
a watch kept over a person, group, etc., especially over a suspect or prisoner
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Wiretap
an act or instance of tapping telephone or telegraph wires for evidence or other information
Studied by 1 person
