AP World History Heimler's History Unit 5 Review

What was the Enlightenment?

An intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalist and empiricist approaches, to both the natural world and human relationships.

How did the Enlightenment challenge the status quo (the way things had been)?

- The Enlightenment was kind of like the Scientific Revolution 2.0, except it concerned human society, not science.

- The Enlightenment challenged the role of religion in public life like the Scientific Revolution

- Enlightenment thinkers rejected external authority (like influence from a religious book) and taught that real authority comes from inside a person, not outside.

Enlightenment ideas:

1. The individual: the individual was the most basic unit of society, not collective groups

2. Natural Rights: Human beings are born with certain rights; namely, life, liberty, and property (John Locke). These rights are given by God and not by a monarch.

3. Social Contract: Governments are created by the people in order to protect their natural rights. If a government abuses power, the people have the right to overthrow it and create a new government that upholds their rights.

4. Popular Sovereignty: The power to govern is in the hands of the people.

5. Democracy: A system in which all people had the right to vote and direct the operations of their government

6. Liberalism: A political and economic ideology that emphasizes the protection of civil rights, necessity of a representative government, the protection of private property, and an emphasis on free markets as the basis for trade.

What was an effect of the Enlightenment that allowed more people to participate in government?

Expansion of suffrage: After the American Revolution (which occurred in part due to enlightenment ideals) only landed white males could vote. However, as in the first half the 19th century, all white males could vote. In the second half of the 19th century, black males could vote.

What was the impact of the Enlightenment on women?

Women began to obtain the right to vote. However, this was just one right given as the result of the Enlightenment, and a burgeoning feminist movement arose and women began to demand equality in all areas of life, not least voting.

Olympe de Gouges protested this inequality in her work "The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen" in which she criticized the French Constutition for completely sidelining women's participation.

What was the impact of the Enlightenment on coerced labor?

Abolition of slavery: natural rights meant that slavery was no longer an option.

Abolition of serfdom: Tsar Alexander II adopted a more western and liberal mindset and abolished serfdom, which caused problems for the nobility who heavily benefitted from serfdom. Serfs themselves though also staged many revolts that led to its demise.

What is Nationalism?

A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory.

This is a major change than what was seen in, for example, the Ottoman and Mongol Empire where there was a lot of cultural diversity held together by the people in charge. Now, as nationalism takes hold, people who share cultural traits and ethnicities want to rule themselves.

How did leaders use nationalism?

Leaders used nationalist ideals to inject a sense of unity in their people with nationalist education, public rituals that glorified the nation, and military service.

Russian leaders, for example, understood that the Russian language was crucial to the Russian identity. Therefore, they required Russian to be spoken throughout their territorial holdings in order to foster a sense of unity among the people of various ethnicities.

What is an example of the growing discontent with monarchist and imperial rule that isn't part of the Atlantic Revolutions?

- Muhammad Ali in Egypt

Although Egypt was technically part of the Ottoman Empire, it largely operated independently due to military government led by Ali. Because the Ottoman Empire was internally corrupted, it had little energy and resources to contribute to Industralization.

Muhammad Ali, though, acted independently of the Ottoman sultan and opened textile/weapon factories.

What caused the American Revolution to take place?

The 13 colonies that the British set up along America's coast rebelled because they were dissatisfied with Great Britain's rule.

How does the American document The Declaration of Independence show a connection to Enlightenment philosophy?

It heavily discusses topics such as popular sovereignty and the social contract.

What were some effects of the American Revolution?

- Assisted by the French, the Americans won and created the United States, which they set up as a republic

- It provided a model for the overthrow of imperial and monarnichal rule and the establishment of a democratic system of government.

What French document do you need to be familiar with for your exam?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This document ultimately inspired a revolution based on Enlightenment ideas.

What caused the Haitian Revolution to take place?

When the majority black and enslaved population on the island heard about the French discussing equality and liberty back in France, they wanted a piece of that too.

What were some effects of the Haitian Revolution?

Under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture, the enslaved Haitians rebelled and defeated the French establishing the second republic and the first black government in the Western hemisphere. This was the only successful large-scale rebellion in the world.

What were some of the causes of the Latin American Revolutions?

Spanish and Portuguese colonies throughout the Americas were influenced by Enlightenment ideas and began to resent the increasing control their imperial rulers were exerting upon them.

In 1808, when Napoleon invaded Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal was deposed, enough instability landed in the colonies which created just the right moment for revolution.

What was in the Letter from Jamaica by Simon Bolivar?

He articulated a vision for independence in his revolutionary document known as the Letter from Jamaica.

In it, he called Spain's political rivals in Europe to support their cause for independence. It also attempted to persuade Latin American nations to unite in the cause of throwing off Spanish colonial dominance.

What were some effects of the Latin American Revolutions?

One Latin American colony after another won its independence and many formed Republican governments in its wake.

What was the Propaganda Movement in the Philippines?

- It was a nationalist movement that called for greater degrees of self-rule in the Spanish colony of the Philippines.

- The Spanish had rigidly structured the Philippine colony just as they had to their American colonies.

- When some Filipinos traveled to Europe for university education, they became influenced by Enlightenment ideas and nationalistic frameworks, they returned and try to change things.

- They published printed material and informed the public about what they learned.

- They did not call for revolution against the Spanish, but they called for more Philippine involvement in how their society was run

- The Spanish did not like that, but that ended up leading to the Philippine Revolution

How are Italy and Germany good examples of calls for national unification?

- They were a collection of many fragmented and semi-independent states

- Under the influence of nationalism, military leaders from both nations inspired their respective populations to unite which resulted in two new states: Italy and then Germany.

What seven environmental, political, and economic factors contributed to industrialization beginning?

- Industrialization was a change in the way we made goods like clothes, chairs, etc.

- The Industrial Revolution is argubably the most profound change in the history of the world.

- The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, and the seven factors are important because it is the presence or absence of these factors that will later determine where and with what speed industralization will spread to other places.

Factors:

1. Proximity to waterways: Great Britain was an island and it had an abundance of rivers and canals, which enabled the transportation of manufactured goods to markets.

2. Distribution of coal, iron, and timber:Due to the size of their empire, Great Britain had great access to raw materials that would lay the building blocks of industrialization.

3. Access to foreign resources: Colonies like India provided Britain with a lot of cotton, which assisted their textile industry.

4. Improved agricultural productivity: new technologies and agricultural practices allowed Britain to feed many people. more food = more babies. This is why Britain experienced a massive population growth during this period.

5. Urbanization: farming was becoming more mechanized, which left many rural people without jobs. Therefore, these people flocked to the cities to find jobs.

6. Great Britain's Legal Protections of Private Property: Britain passed laws protecting entrepreneurs who took risks to start new businesses in the manufacturing industry. Entrepreneurs felt safe enough to risk the investment to start these businesses.

7. Accumulation of Capital: Britain was home to people who got rich off the Atlantic Slave trade. They were more than willing to invest in startup industrial companies.

How did the way goods were made change with industrialization?

- They began to be made in factories and not by hand

- The goods could be mass-produced and cheaper than hand-made goods

- In the beginning, the factories were built near fast-moving water. With the invention of the steam engine (that used steam as power) factories could be built anywhere.

- The result of making goods with machines led to an increase of specialization of labor. Artisans needed to have hand-making techniques; however, the help of machines led to a decline in skill needed to make the same products. The worker would perform the same part of the pant making process repeatedly, meaning they specialized in the task.

What helped some places to industrialize faster than others?

The degree to which place possessed the aforementioned seven factors.

How did shares of global manufacturing shift during the first Industrial Revolution?

Industrial states gained more of a share of what was being made and sold to people throughout the world.

- Both India and Egypt have long been renowned for their textile production. However, with the rise of cheaper, mass-produced textiles in England, the Indian and Egyptian market share declined.

Describe the spread of industrialization in France.

1. 1815: Industrialization Arrived in France

- Slow to adapt due to relative lack of coal and iron deposits

2. Unlike Britain, France's government played a role

- Sponsored the construction of railroads and canals, which made it convenient to sell goods once they were made

3. Pace of industrialization was slower

- Avoided the major social upheavals that were more common in Britain.

Describe the spread of industrialization in the USA.

- The USA didn't industrialize until the end of the 19th century, because they were dealing with the Civil War

1. Large territory, which allowed for abundant access to natural resources

2. Political Stability Post-Civil War

3. Growing population, which provided an expanding market for mass-produced goods

4. Prosperous Economy, which led to a higher standard of living compared to European counterparts.

Describe the spread of industrialization in Russia.

1. By the end of the 19th century, Russia remained under the rule of an absolutist Czar

2. As a result of being under a Czar, Russian industrialization was state-driven unlike Britain's and the US's which was private. They built railroads to link their vast territory into an interdependent market.

3. Russia made some good progress, but the process was carried out with brutalization of workers, which led to frequent uprisings

Describe the spread of industrialization in Japan.

1. Japan was an industrialization outlier, because Asian states were declining in importance with the rise of industry and were getting pushed around.

2. Therefore, they entered a period known as the Meiji Restoration, where Japan engaged in state-sponsored defensive industrialization, which allowed them to become the most powerful state in the region.

What technology was featured in the first Industrial Revolution?

- The main source of power here was coal and steam.

- James Watt invented the steam engine, which used steam to turn machines.

- Steam engines were then used to power locomotives and steamships, which made the transportation of industrialized goods quicker.

What technology was featured in the second Industrial Revolution?

- Main source of power was oil.

- Oil was distilled into gasoline, which the internal combustion engine harnessed as energy. It was smaller and more efficient than the steam engine.

- Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, which lit up factories and homes. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph.

- Soon electric streetcars and subways were developed, which made transit easier in the growing size of cities.

How did transportation technology change during the Industrial Revolution?

- More steam engines from the first to the second industrial revolution meant more miles of railroads which meant more people moving in from the country into the city, as well as increased commerce.

- The introduction of steam engines into iron and steel ships made maritime trade the easiest its ever been.

How did building materials shift during the Industrial Revolution?

- In the first phase, iron was the go to.

- In the second phase, steel (created by the Bessemer Process) was the go to which was way stronger than iron.

What are some examples of the use of chemicals that took place in the second industrial revolution?

- Chemical engineers developed processes for creating synthetic dyes for clothing which was far cheaper than organic dyes that were used in the first revolution.

- Vulcanization made rubber harder and more durable. It became used for belts in factories, wires, and tires for automobiles.

What were two major impacts of new modes of transportation?

1. Development of interior regions. Coastal areas contained the most developed cities and states in the past because that's where most of the international interaction occurred. Railroads made settlements more prevalent in places more inland that were previously difficult to reach.

2. Increase of trade and migration. Global trade increased 10x, connecting the world into an interconnected economy. New transportation technologies increased migration

How did Adam Smith's ideas change the way economies functioned?

- In Adam Smith's book "The Wealth of Nations", he criticized mercantilist policies as coercive and beneficial to only a small part of society (elite). He argued that individuals should be free to make economic decisions which benefitted them based on the laws of supply and demand in free markets (laissez-faire policies). The benefit of the individual would benefit the whole society, as wealth would become more evenly distributed.

- After 1815, several western governments abandoned some of their state regulations on trade which resulted in increased trade and greater wealth, thus proving Smith right.

What is a transnational business?

A company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in other countries.

What is a good example of a transnational business that started c. 1750-1900.

- The Unilever Corporation which was a joint company owned by the British and Dutch that specialized in soap.

- They opened factories across the world while sourcing its raw materials from colonial holdings.

What were some of the new practices in banking and finance that developed in this time?

1. Rise of stock markets. They enabled people to purchase small shares of ownership in a company. If the company made money, so too did the owner of the stocks.

2. Development of limited liability corporations. They were a way of organizing a business to protect the financial investment of its owners.

What were some of the economic benefits of the Industrial Era?

Industrial nations were far richer in 1900 than in 1800.

- Many industrialized societies experienced a rise in standards of living. With the further development of manufacturing technology, goods were more efficiently produced, affordable, and more people had access to everyday goods that improved their lives.

What are some examples of how industrialization impacted the working class?

- They worked in shabby apartments known as tenements where disease spread rapidly.

- They were forced to work long and dangerous hours.

- They got paid way less than what was needed to survive.

By the end of the 19th century, many were calling for reform.

What did the government do to address the situation of the working class in England?

1. Political reforms. Due to the expansion of suffrage, political parties began to represent the interests not only of the elite but also the growing working class.

2. Social reform. The working class began to organize themselves into social societies that provided insurance for sickness and an occasion for events that helped bind them together as a community.

3. Educational reform. Between 1870 and 1914, the majority of European governments passed compulsory education laws to get boys and girls between the ages of 6-12 into school, as many had been laid off from factory work. 4. Urban reform. Populations grew faster than infrastructure could be built. Built sanitation infrastructure

What were some ways that the working class attempted to help themselves?

Labor unions: collectives of workers that were able to negotiate and bargain as a group in order to improve their lives.

As they spread across the world, they used their collective power to bargain for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions.

Some morphed into political parties, like the German Social Democratic Party.

What was Marxism and how was it a response to the plight of the working class?

As Marx observed the poorness of the working class and the richness of the capitalists, he thought that was wrong. Therefore, he invented the idea of scientific socialism, where proletariats = working class, and bourgeoisie = upper classes.

Scientific Socialism:

- Proletariat becomes conscious of their suffering, rises up and overthrows the bourgeoisie, takes over the means of production, and establishes a classless society.

This was to oppose capitalist society created by industrialization.

How did Qing China deal with a the changes brought about by industrialization?

Qing China industrialization was more reactionary than successful, like the Ottoman Empire.

- Starting with their conflicts with Great Britain and other powers, China became economically subservient to the industrialized nations of the west. This is obvious, because they are well-known for being very powerful in history.

- A later part of the 19th century became known as the Self-Strengthening movement. They realized industrialization was the only way to maintain power, which they borrowed cautiously from the west while attempting to revitalize traditional Chinese culture.

- Some steps were made to modernize China, but the full benefits were hindered by Chinese conservatives who resisted these developments because they threatened the power of the landowning class.

3. As a result, China half-modernized which proved to be insufficient when they lost the Sino-Japanese War to industrialized Japan

How did the Ottoman Empire deal with the changes brought about by industrialization?

Like China, the Ottoman Empire was being pushed around by industrialized powers, which led to their nickname of "the sick man of Europe. Unlike China's self-strenghtening movement, the Ottomans' Tanzimat Reforms was much more aggressive. They built factories, laid railroads, and adopted Western-style law codes. Surprisingly, the absolutist Sultan gave in to Reformers, such as groups like the Young Ottomans and he accepted a constitution and a parliamentary government. Although, similar to China, Ottoman conservatives resisted reforms, the most notable of which was the sultan himself who reassumed his absolute power under the threat of war with Russia.

How did industrialization change the social hierarchy in places that industrialized?

The first effect was new social classes, the bottom of which was the working class which were mainly factory workers and miners. They experienced better standards of living than rural areas they left behind. The next tier up was the middle class, which was composed of wealthy factory owners and managers along with white collar workers (doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc). This tier benefitted the most; they were able to afford mass produced products that improved their quality of life, and the richest could sometimes buy their way into the aristocracy. At the top were the industrialists, who gained wealth by starting and owning large corporations. They became more powerful than the traditional landed aristocracy.

How did the industrial revolution impact women?

- Working class women worked wage-earning jobs just as men did as the wages of the men alone were not enough to sustain a family. Compared to rural life, this wasn't a huge change, because men and women worked the farms together.

- Middle class women had husbands who earned enough to support the family without paid labor from the wife. Therefore, these women were increasingly defined by their domestic roles as homemakers.

What challenges were related to rapid urbanization?

- Housing shortages resulted in shoddy complexes of tenements to be built

- Minimal infrastructure to deal with sanitation.

- Public health crises multiplied in urban areas, where typhoid spread rapidly due to high-density living arrangements. As a result, the life expectancy in many urban areas decreased from about 40 years to 30 years.

- Rates of urban crime rose rapidly which necessitated the building of massive jails