Psych Quiz 1 study materials

Associative Learning

Learning that some events happen together

Classical conditioning first described by

Ivan Pavlov, Russian physiologist

Ivan Pavlov experiment

Conditiona dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell

Founder of Behaviorism

John B. Watson

Watson believed

The theoretical goal of psychology is prediction and control of behavior

Behaviorism definition

Human and animal behavior should only be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to the mental processes as they were subjective and unobservable and therefore unsuitable for study

Neutral stimulus definition

Stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Unconditioned response

Unlearned, naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned stimulus

Stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers unconditioned response

Classical conditioning: acquisition

Initial stage when one links neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that neutral stimulus begins triggering conditioned response

Operant conditioning: acquisition

Strengthening of reinforced response

Classical conditioning: extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus

Classical conditioning: spontaneous recovery

The reappearance of en extinguished conditioned response after a pause

Classical conditioning: generalization

Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses, can be adaptive, limited discernment or intentionality

Classical conditioning: discrimination

Learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus (which predicts unconditioned stimulus)and other irrelevant stimuli , intentionality and discernment

Pavlov's legacy

Work provided basis for WatSon's (1913)idea that human emotions and behaviors are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses with biological influence as seen in the little Albert fear studies

Little Albert fear studies

Watson and Reiner conditioned eleven month old infant to fear white rats instead of loud noises. Every time little Albert was shown a white rat, and went to touch it, Watson and Rayner would hit a hammer against a steel bar behind the infants head. After seven repeats he cried whenever he saw another white rat. Five days later he reportedly freaked out when seeing similar white fuzzy objects or animals

Conditioned response

Originally neutral stimulus that, after association with unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger conditioned response

Respondent Behavior

Automatic reaction/ response to stimuli

Operant Conditioning

Beings associate their own actions with consequences

Operant Behavior

Behavior that utilizes the environment to make rewarding/ punishing stimuli

Law of Effect

Edward L. Thorndike -

Operant Chamber

Box with bar/ key an animal manipulates to receive food or water

Reinforcement

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Shaping

Reinforcers guide behavior bit by bit to desired result

Positive Reinforcement

Increase behavior via pleasurable stimuli

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behavior via removing or minimizing aversive stimuli, response will strengthen

Primary Reinforcers

Stimuli that satisfies biological needs

Conditioned/ secondary reinforcers

Stimulus powered via connection to primary reinforcers

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing desired response any time it happens

Partial /intermittent reinforcement schedule

Reinforcing response only part of the time

Fixed ratio schedule

Reinforces response only after certain amount of responses

Variable ratio schedule

Reinforces response after unpredicted amount of responses

Fixed interval schedules

Reinforces response after certain amount of time

Variable interval schedules

Reinforces response at unpredictable internets of time

Positive punishment

Reduces behavior via administering negative stimuli

Negative punishment

Reduces behavior via removing rewards

Reinforcement schedules

Pattern determining how often desired responseshould be reinforced