apush final review

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages.

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Chattel Slavery

absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.
(slaves treated as property)

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
(more exports than imports, and also meant that colonies existed to support the mother country)

Joint Stock Companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses
(funded voyages to America)

Enlightenment Values

freedom, equality, popular sovereignty
(enlightenment values inspired American Revolution)

Transatlantic trade

The exchange of goods, primarily slaves between Africa, America, and Europe
(think TRIANGULAR trade)

Pluralism (diversity)

A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing

French & Indian War

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes)
NOT BETWEEN FRENCH AND INDIANS

led to the end of salutary neglect as Britain needed to increase taxes for colonies

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

Republican Motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women

City on a Hill

exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
(America had to be an example to the world)

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
(inspired the push for American independence)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states.
(banned slavery in new territories)

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

This MA conflict caused criticism of the Articles of Confederation; weak govt; increased calls for a Constitutional Convention to revise the Articles

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

CONTRAST to Shays' Rebellion because it showed the strength of the new constitution

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton

isolationist policy

a policy of abstaining from an active role in international affairs or alliances, which characterized US foreign policy toward Europe during most of the 1800's

Interventionist policies

Government policies designed to correct market failures that are reducing the growth rate of the economy.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

(facilitated by railroads, canals, steamboats, and new inventions such the cotton gin)

federalism

the principle that powers should be shared between federal government and state government

DOES NOT mean one is more than the other

Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution

Jefferson and other Republicans wanted STRICT interpretation of the constitution which is why they did not support the national bank.

Hamilton and other Federalists wanted a LOOSE interpretation of the constitution. They used the elastic clause (anything not stated in constitution can be decided by congress) to pass the National Bank

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Sectionalism

North vs. South having different beliefs and ideals
(mostly over slavery)

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

(Nullification Crisis in South Carolina)

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones
(anti-immigration, and is often in ties with racism and the Know-Nothing Party)

Patronage/Spoils System

a system that rewards the supporters of successful political candidates and parties with government jobs while firing supporters of the opposing party

Bank War

Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

King Cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Centralized vs. Decentralized

1) Centralization - authority concentrated in upper levels of government:
- monopoly over environmental regulation.
-Homogeneity of regulation across local governments.
-Local governments must implement centralized policies.

2)Decentralization - authority shared with lower levels of government:
-Regulations developed and implemented at local levels
-More responsive to local levels.
-Greater interaction and trust within local communities

Impressments

policy of forcing people into military or public service

BRITISH OFTEN DID THIS TO COLONISTS

Maritime seizures

British often seized American goods
(goes along with impressments)

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

THINK TBT - tariffs, bank transportation,

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

(strong motivator for westward expansion)

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

(many laborers were chinese immigrants prior to chinese exclusion act)

Interstate Commerce

trade between states

facilitated with canals and railroads

Laissez-faire vs Regulation

The power struggle between business owners and the federal government over profits vs consumer protection.

think trusts

enfranchise

to give the right to vote

think voting rights of women and african americans

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Embargo Act

An 1807 law that imposed a total ban on foreign trade

internal improvements

federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system

Square Deal (3 C's)

control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources

TEDDY ROOSEVELT

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression and improving the country

(think alphabet organizations)

Great Society

a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs including civil rights and poverty programs

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Bi-metallic Standard

money supply based on 2 currencies, gold and silver, US gets rid of silver in 1873

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

Progressivism

movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms in food, housing, alcoholism

Trusts/Monopolies

A combination of corporations cooperating in order to reduce competition and control prices.

a result of consolidation and horizontal integration, Teddy Roosevelt known for busting trusts

anti-trust laws

laws to control monopoly power and to preserve and promote competition

(sherman anti-trust and others)

14 points

President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

buying on margin

the purchasing of stocks by paying only a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest

contributed to the crash of the stock market as it was risking and many people defaulted on the loans

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

during the Great Depression era

Glass-Steagall Act

the 1933 law that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect individuals' bank accounts

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy by Truman where the US tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

(think preventing the domino effect)

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

government agency that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

War Production Board (WPB)

a government agency set up to oversee production of war materials during World War II

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with artillery during WW2

Social Security

federal program of retirement benefits that was created under FDR

Medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides insurance for the elderly

Neo-Conservatives

supporting free-market capitalism, questioning liberal welfare programs, and called for reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of family.

(basically republicans)