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What are the functions of lymph? (Hint there are 3)
transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces, and returns it to the bloodstream
absorbs lipids from digestive system, and transports them to the bloodstream
defends the body against diseases
How is lymph produced
excess tissue fluid results in hydrostatic pressure being generated within the interstitial spaces that forces fluid into the lymphatic capillaries
Compare and contrast adaptive and innate immune defenses
innate defense: aka, non-specific defense, general type of defense, and protects against the largest variety of pathogens
adaptive defense: known as immunity, more specific and precise, targeting specific parts of a pathogen, and carried out by lymphocytes
compare how B-cells and T cells carry out immune defenses
a T lymphocyte must be activated before it can respond to an antigen, T-cell activation requires antigenic fragments of the pathogen be attached to antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages or B cells, and when T cells encounter an APC displaying antigenic fragments of the pathogen bound to MHC it recognizes it as foreign and becomes activated, and activated T cells clonally expand and secrete cytokines to enhance immune response.
B cells are activated when an antigen binds to a specific, B cell activation requires cytokines from T cells activated B cells are stimulated to clonally expand their population, a portion of the activated B cells will survive to become memory B cells to protect against future encounters with the pathogen, some of the B cells will differentiate into plasm cells which are the antibody producing, and antibodies are carried throughout the body by blood.
what are the innate defenses we discussed in class
Mechanical barriers: unbroken skin and mucous membranes prevent the entrance of some infectious agents. Fluids wash away microorganisms before they can firmly attach to tissues.
Inflammation: Enzymes in various body fluids kill pathogens. pH extremes and high slat concentration also harm pathogens. Interferons induce production of other proteins that block reproduction of viruses, stimulate phagocytosis, and enhance the activity of cell walls and membranes. Collections bind to microbes. Complement stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis.
Chemical barriers: Distinct type of lymphocytes that secretes perforin that lyse virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
Natural Killer cells: a tissue response to injury that helps prevent the spread of infectious agents into nearby tissues.
Phagocytosis: Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles and cells.
What organs belong in the alimentary canal?
Mouth-Pharynx-esophagus-stomach-small intestine-large intestine-rectum-anus
(Know each function of each)
What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract? What is the purpose of each?
Salivary glands: secrete saliva which moistens food particles and binds them together, also helps dissolve food to enable its taste
Pancreas: secretes digestive juices called pancreatic juice
Gallbladder: stores and concentrates bile
Liver: carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, storage, blood filtering, detoxification, secretion
Assign enzymes with the macromolecule they are responsible for breaking down
peptidases: break down peptides into amino acids (protein)
sucrase, maltase and lactase: break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
amylase will break down carbohydrates into disaccharides
lipase: breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
what are the components of gastric juice?
Pepsinogen: chief cells and inactive form of pepsin
Pepsin: formed from pepsinogen and protein-splitting enzyme that digests nearly all types of dietary protein into polypeptides
Hydrochloric acid: partial cells and provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin
Mucus: mucous cells and provides a viscous alkaline protective layer o the stomachs inner surface
what is an essential nutrient?
essential nutrient: nutrients that the body cannot synthesize (enough) which must be obtained from food sources
What is the fate of excess glucose?
Carbohydrates: starch, sucrose, maltose, and lactose
Digestion: glucose, glucose, fructose, glucose, glucose and galactose
Monosaccharides: Respiration, Glycogenesis, Lipogenesis CO2+H20+Energy,& Glycogen &Fat
what are the steps in using protein as an energy source?
proteins are first broken down into amino acids (via peptidases)
nitrogen groups called amines (-NH2) must be removed via deamination
-NH2 is then converted to urea for excretion by the kidneys
What is BMR?
the BMR is the rate at which the body expends energy under basla conditions
Basal conditions: awake at rest; after overnight fasting; in a comfortable environment
reflects the energy needed to support organ activity
BMR varies
Lucy has a BMI of 32, She would be classified as?
obese
