Methodology & Cytology

The maximum magnification of a light microscope is approximately:

A. 100×
B. 500×
C. 1000×
D. 400,000×

C. 1000×

The resolution of a light microscope is approximately:

A. 0.5 nm
B. 0.5 μm
C. 5 μm
D. 50 μm

B. 0.5 μm

A structure smaller than _____ cannot be resolved by a light microscope.

A. 0.5 μm
B. 5 μm
C. 50 nm
D. 7 μm

A. 0.5 μm

The diameter of a red blood cell is approximately:

A. 0.5 μm
B. 2 μm
C. 7 μm
D. 70 μm

C. 7 μm

One millimeter equals:

A. 10 μm
B. 100 μm
C. 1000 μm
D. 10,000 μm

C. 1000 μm

One micrometer equals:

A. 10 nm
B. 100 nm
C. 1000 nm
D. 10,000 nm

C. 1000 nm

Transmission electron microscopy is mainly used for:

A. Surface examination
B. Viewing cell organelles
C. Histologic staining
D. Cell culture

B. Viewing cell organelles

Scanning electron microscopy is best for examining:

A. DNA
B. Nuclei
C. Three-dimensional surfaces
D. Ribosomes

C. Three-dimensional surfaces

The maximum magnification of an electron microscope is approximately:

A. 1,000×
B. 10,000×
C. 100,000×
D. 400,000×

D. 400,000×

Most cell organelles can only be studied well using:

A. Hand lens
B. Light microscope
C. Electron microscope
D. Dissecting microscope

C. Electron microscope

Hematoxylin is classified as a:

A. Neutral dye
B. Basic dye
C. Acidic dye
D. Lipid dye

B. Basic dye

Structures stained blue by hematoxylin are called:

A. Eosinophilic
B. Acidophilic
C. Basophilic
D. Chromophilic

C. Basophilic

Which structure stains strongly with hematoxylin?

A. Lipid droplets
B. Nucleus
C. Golgi apparatus
D. SER

B. Nucleus

Eosin is a:

A. Basic dye
B. Neutral dye
C. Acidic dye
D. Nuclear dye

C. Acidic dye

Structures stained pink by eosin are called:

A. Basophilic
B. Eosinophilic
C. Metachromatic
D. Chromophobic

B. Eosinophilic

The cytoplasm of Leydig cells is eosinophilic because of abundant:

A. RER
B. Ribosomes
C. SER
D. Nucleus

C. SER

PAS stain is used primarily to identify:

A. Lipids
B. Collagen
C. Carbohydrates
D. Iron

C. Carbohydrates

The best stain for glycogen alone is:

A. Oil Red O
B. PAS
C. Best Carmine
D. Silver nitrate

C. Best Carmine

Oil Red O is used to stain:

A. Glycogen
B. Lipids
C. Elastic fibers
D. DNA

B. Lipids

Silver nitrate can demonstrate:

A. Golgi bodies
B. Glycogen
C. Lipid droplets
D. Calcium

A. Golgi bodies

Wiegert's elastic stain demonstrates:

A. Reticular fibers
B. Elastic fibers
C. Lipids
D. Mitochondria

B. Elastic fibers

Immunocytochemistry is based on interaction between:

A. DNA and RNA
B. Antigens and antibodies
C. Lipids and proteins
D. Enzymes and ATP

B. Antigens and antibodies

Immunocytochemistry is especially useful for:

A. Measuring ATP
B. Cancer diagnosis
C. Cell division
D. Muscle contraction

B. Cancer diagnosis

Autoradiography uses:

A. Antibodies
B. Silver stains
C. Radiolabeled isotopes
D. Osmium

C. Radiolabeled isotopes

Radiolabeled thymidine is used to study synthesis of:

A. RNA
B. Protein
C. Lipid
D. DNA

D. DNA

The smallest unit of life capable of independent existence is:

A. Tissue
B. Organelle
C. Cell
D. Nucleus

C. Cell

Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle?

A. Ribosome
B. Microtubule
C. Mitochondrion
D. Centriole

C. Mitochondrion

Which is NOT a membrane-bound organelle?

A. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Ribosome
D. Peroxisome

C. Ribosome

The cell membrane consists of:

A. Single phospholipid layer
B. Protein only
C. Phospholipid bilayer
D. DNA and protein

C. Phospholipid bilayer

The thickness of the plasma membrane is approximately:

A. 1–2 nm
B. 7–9 nm
C. 20–25 nm
D. 100 nm

B. 7–9 nm

The carbohydrate coating on the cell surface is called:

A. Matrix
B. Glycocalyx
C. Cytoskeleton
D. Tonofilament

B. Glycocalyx

Cell identity markers are mainly associated with:

A. Glycocalyx
B. Cristae
C. Lysosomes
D. Nucleoli

A. Glycocalyx

Which membrane protein allows passage of water and hydrophilic solutes?

A. Receptor protein
B. Carrier protein
C. Channel protein
D. Adhesion molecule

C. Channel protein

The matrix of mitochondria contains all EXCEPT:

A. Circular DNA
B. Ribosomes
C. Calcium ions
D. Golgi bodies

D. Golgi bodies

Mitochondria are believed to have originated from:

A. Viruses
B. Fungi
C. Bacteria
D. Protozoa

C. Bacteria

The primary function of mitochondria is:

A. Protein synthesis
B. ATP production
C. Digestion
D. Secretion

B. ATP production

RER is characterized by the presence of:

A. Lipids
B. Ribosomes
C. Glycogen
D. Microtubules

B. Ribosomes

Plasma cells contain abundant:

A. SER
B. RER
C. Lipid droplets
D. Peroxisomes

B. RER

Proteins synthesized on free ribosomes are generally used:

A. Outside the cell
B. Within the cell
C. For secretion only
D. For lysosomes only

B. Within the cell

Smooth ER is responsible for:

A. Protein synthesis
B. DNA replication
C. Steroid synthesis and detoxification
D. Ribosome production

C. Steroid synthesis and detoxification

Leydig cells produce:

A. Estrogen
B. Testosterone
C. Insulin
D. Cortisol

B. Testosterone

The cis face of the Golgi apparatus:

A. Releases secretory granules
B. Receives vesicles from RER
C. Contains lysosomes only
D. Synthesizes DNA

B. Receives vesicles from RER

The trans face of the Golgi apparatus:

A. Receives proteins from RER
B. Produces ATP
C. Packages secretory granules
D. Stores DNA

C. Packages secretory granules

Lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in:

A. SER
B. Golgi only
C. RER
D. Mitochondria

C. RER

Primary lysosomes are:

A. Heterogeneous
B. Homogeneous
C. Digestive vacuoles
D. Residual bodies

B. Homogeneous

Autophagosomes digest:

A. Bacteria
B. Foreign particles
C. Old organelles
D. Viruses only

C. Old organelles

Residual bodies are also called:

A. Heterophagosomes
B. Peroxisomes
C. Lipofuscin granules
D. Golgi vesicles

C. Lipofuscin granules

Peroxisomes contain abundant:

A. Acid phosphatase
B. Catalase
C. ATPase
D. Myosin

B. Catalase

Peroxisomes are especially abundant in:

A. Skin and cartilage
B. Liver and kidney
C. Bone and tendon
D. Brain and retina

B. Liver and kidney

Microfilaments are primarily composed of:

A. Tubulin
B. Actin
C. Keratin
D. Collagen

B. Actin

Microtubules are composed of:

A. Actin
B. Desmin
C. Tubulin
D. Keratin

C. Tubulin

Intermediate filaments in epithelial cells are:

A. Vimentin
B. Desmin
C. Keratin
D. Neurofilament protein

C. Keratin

Intermediate filaments in muscle cells are:

A. Keratin
B. Vimentin
C. Desmin
D. Tubulin

C. Desmin

Melanin is classified as a:

A. Membranous organelle
B. Cytoplasmic inclusion
C. Cytoskeletal protein
D. Cell junction

B. Cytoplasmic inclusion

Lipofuscin pigment accumulates especially in:

A. Neurons and cardiac cells
B. Skin only
C. Bone cells
D. Hepatocytes only

A. Neurons and cardiac cells

Glycogen can be demonstrated using:

A. PAS stain
B. Oil Red O
C. Wiegert stain
D. Silver nitrate

A. PAS stain

Euchromatin appears:

A. Dark and inactive
B. Light and active
C. Pink and inactive
D. Dense and inactive

B. Light and active

Heterochromatin appears:

A. Lightly stained
B. Metabolically active
C. Darkly stained
D. Rich in ribosomes

C. Darkly stained

Sex chromatin (Barr body) represents:

A. Active Y chromosome
B. Active X chromosome
C. Inactive X chromosome
D. Inactive Y chromosome

C. Inactive X chromosome

Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M

B. S