World History-Advanced Placement:Modern_(U7,U8,U9) (copy)

WHAP Vocabulary Terms 1900-Present Unit(7,8,9) Made for: L.E. Elkins High School Exam date: March 5th 2024

Turkification

Flashcard: "Turkification" refers to the policy of promoting Turkish culture, language, and identity in the Ottoman Empire and later in the Republic of Turkey. It aimed to assimilate non-Turkish communities into the dominant Turkish culture.

Flashcard: Bolshevik

Radical socialist group led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in the 1917 Russian Revolution. They aimed to establish a communist state and implemented policies like land redistribution and nationalization of industry. The Bolsheviks later became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Communists

Advocates for a classless society where resources are shared equally. Believes in collective ownership of means of production and distribution.

Flashcard: Young Turks

Group of reformist Ottoman intellectuals who sought to modernize the empire in the early 20th century. Advocated for constitutional government, secularism, and equality. Led the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, establishing a constitutional monarchy. Played a significant role in shaping the Turkish Republic.

Flashcard: Mexican Revolution

Armed conflict in Mexico from 1910 to 1920, characterized by social, political, and economic upheaval. It resulted in the overthrow of the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, and the establishment of a more democratic government. The revolution aimed to address issues of land, labor, and social inequality, and led to significant political and cultural changes in Mexico.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

PRI: Political party in Mexico that held power for over 70 years (1929-2000). Known for its authoritarian rule and ability to maintain political stability. Implemented modernization policies and promoted economic development. Lost power in 2000, but remains influential in Mexican politics.

Sun Yat-sen

Leader of the Chinese revolution in 1911. Founded the Republic of China and served as its first president. Advocated for modernization, democracy, and nationalism. Played a crucial role in overthrowing the Qing dynasty. Known as the "Father of Modern China."

Kemal Ataturk

Revolutionary leader of Turkey in the early 20th century. Implemented sweeping reforms to modernize the country and break away from traditional Islamic practices. Established a secular government, introduced Western laws and education, and promoted gender equality. Known as the founder of modern Turkey.

Porfirio Diaz

Flashcard: Porfirio Diaz

• Ruled Mexico from 1876-1911

• Implemented policies of modernization and industrialization

• Promoted foreign investment and economic growth

• Centralized power and limited political freedoms

• Led to growing social inequality and widespread unrest

• Overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910

Francisco Madero

Flashcard: Francisco Madero

• Role: Mexican politician and revolutionary leader

• Significance: Led the Mexican Revolution against Porfirio Díaz's dictatorship

• Accomplishments: Elected President in 1911, implemented land reforms and labor laws

• Legacy: Considered a key figure in Mexico's transition to democracy and social justice

• Impact: Inspired future generations of Mexican leaders and political movements

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

Flashcard: Francisco "Pancho" Villa

• Mexican revolutionary leader

• Fought against government forces during Mexican Revolution

• Known for his guerrilla tactics and fierce determination

• Led the famous raid on Columbus, New Mexico in 1916

• Considered a folk hero in Mexico for his efforts in the revolution

Emiliano Zapata

Flashcard: Emiliano Zapata

• Leader of the Mexican Revolution

• Championed agrarian reform and land redistribution

• Fought for the rights of peasants and indigenous communities

• Founded the Liberation Army of the South

• Demanded "Tierra y Libertad" (Land and Liberty) for the people

The Great War

Flashcard: Term: The Great War Definition: A global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918, involving major world powers. It was primarily fought in Europe and resulted in millions of casualties. The war was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and led to significant political, social, and economic changes worldwide.

Gavrilo Princip

Flashcard: Gavrilo Princip Member of the Black Hand, Serbian nationalist group. Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914, sparking WWI.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Assassination sparked WWI, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, killed in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914, led to a chain reaction of events.

Triple Entente

Alliance formed in 1907 between France, Russia, and Britain. Aimed to counter the threat of the Triple Alliance.

Triple Alliance

Triple Alliance: A military agreement formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It aimed to maintain peace and provide mutual support in case of attack. However, Italy later switched sides during World War I, weakening the alliance's effectiveness.

Central Powers

Flashcard: Central Powers

• Alliance formed during World War I

• Led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

• Opposed the Allied Powers (France, Britain, Russia)

• Fought for territorial gains and power in Europe

• Eventually defeated in 1918, leading to the end of the war.

Black Hand (Serbia)

Flashcard: A secret society formed in Serbia in 1911, known as "Black Hand." They aimed to unite all Serbs into a single nation and were involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which triggered World War I.

Militarism

Flashcard: A belief in the strong influence and importance of the military in a country's affairs, often leading to an increase in military spending and the glorification of war.

Self-determination

Flashcard: Self-determination is the right of a group to freely choose their political status and determine their own economic, social, and cultural development.

Conscription

Forced enlistment of civilians into military service, typically during times of war or national emergency.

Stalemate

Stalemate: A situation in which neither side can make progress or gain an advantage, resulting in a deadlock or standstill. It often occurs in conflicts, games, or negotiations when neither party can achieve a decisive victory.

Propaganda

A method of spreading biased information to manipulate public opinion and shape beliefs. Often used in advertising, politics, and war to influence attitudes and behaviors.

Reparations

Reparations refer to the compensation or payment made by a country or group to individuals or communities who have been harmed or suffered losses as a result of past injustices, such as slavery, colonization, or human rights abuses. The concept of reparations aims to address historical wrongs and provide redress for the lasting impacts of these injustices. The specific form and extent of reparations can vary depending on the context and the nature of the harm inflicted.

Lusitania

The Lusitania was a British ocean liner that was famously sunk by a German submarine during World War I on May 7, 1915. The sinking of the Lusitania played a significant role in the eventual entry of the United States into the war. It resulted in the loss of over 1,100 lives, including 128 Americans. The incident raised international outrage and contributed to the anti-German sentiment at the time.

Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram was a secret diplomatic communication sent in 1917 by Germany to Mexico during World War I. It proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico, with the promise of helping Mexico regain lost territories from the United States. The telegram was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, which then shared it with the United States. This revelation played a significant role in the United States' decision to enter the war against Germany.

Total war

Total war is a military strategy that involves the complete mobilization of a nation's resources and population towards the war effort. It emerged during World War I and was characterized by the involvement of civilians in the war, the targeting of civilian infrastructure, and the use of propaganda to rally support for the war. It often leads to significant social, economic, and political changes in the countries involved.

ANZAC

ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. It refers to the combined forces of Australia and New Zealand that fought together during World War I. The ANZACs are particularly remembered for their bravery and sacrifice during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915. ANZAC Day is observed on April 25th each year to honor the soldiers who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations.

Gallipoli Campaign (battle)

The Gallipoli Campaign was a World War I battle that took place from April 1915 to January 1916. It was a joint British and French attempt to capture the Ottoman Empire's capital, Constantinople (now Istanbul), by securing control of the Dardanelles Strait. The campaign ultimately failed, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. The battle is known for its fierce fighting, harsh conditions, and strategic mistakes. It had a significant impact on the war and the subsequent formation of modern Turkey.

Paris Peace Conference

The Paris Peace Conference was a meeting held in 1919 after World War I to negotiate peace treaties. It resulted in the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh terms on Germany and led to significant political and territorial changes in Europe.

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Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He is known for his leadership during World War I and his efforts to establish the League of Nations. Wilson's presidency also saw the passage of significant domestic reforms, including the Federal Reserve Act and the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote.

David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George was a prominent British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922. He played a crucial role in leading Britain during World War I and was known for his progressive policies, including the introduction of social welfare reforms. Lloyd George was a key figure in the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Versailles and the establishment of the League of Nations. He was also instrumental in the passage of the People's Budget of 1909, which introduced taxes on the wealthy to fund social programs. Overall, Lloyd George made significant contributions to British politics and left a lasting impact on the country's history.

Georges Clemenceau

Georges Clemenceau was a French statesman who served as the Prime Minister of France during World War I. He was known for his strong leadership and determination in leading France to victory. Clemenceau played a crucial role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the war. He was also a key figure in the Paris Peace Conference and advocated for harsh terms against Germany. Clemenceau's leadership during the war earned him the nickname "The Tiger."

Vittorio Orlando

Vittorio Orlando was an Italian statesman and diplomat who served as the Prime Minister of Italy during World War I. He played a significant role in the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, representing Italy's interests.

Fourteen Points

The Fourteen Points was a statement by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 outlining his vision for a post-World War I world. It included principles such as open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, self-determination for nations, and the establishment of a League of Nations. The Fourteen Points aimed to promote peace and prevent future conflicts.

.League of Nations

The League of Nations was an international organization founded in 1920 after World War I. Its main goal was to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts. However, it faced challenges and ultimately failed to prevent World War II.

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I. It was negotiated and signed by the "Big Four" countries: the United States, Great Britain, France, and Italy. The treaty imposed harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses, disarmament, and reparations. It also established the League of Nations, an international organization aimed at preventing future conflicts. The Treaty of Versailles is often criticized for its role in contributing to the rise of Adolf Hitler and World War II.

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic was the democratic government established in Germany after World War I, from 1919 to 1933. It was named after the city of Weimar, where the new constitution was drafted. The Weimar Republic faced numerous challenges, including economic instability, political extremism, and social unrest. Despite its efforts to establish a stable democracy, it ultimately collapsed with the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in 1933.

Trench warfare

Trench warfare was a military strategy used during World War I, characterized by soldiers digging deep trenches for protection. It involved a stalemate where opposing forces would engage in intense fighting from their respective trenches. This strategy aimed to provide cover from enemy fire and create a defensive position. Trenches were often connected by a network of communication trenches. This type of warfare resulted in high casualties and a prolonged conflict. It was a defining feature of World War I and had a significant impact on the tactics and strategies used in subsequent wars.

U-boat

A U-boat, short for Unterseeboot, was a type of submarine used by the German Navy during World War I and World War II. These submarines played a significant role in naval warfare, particularly in the Battle of the Atlantic. U-boats were known for their stealth and ability to launch surprise attacks on enemy ships. They were equipped with torpedoes and often targeted merchant vessels, causing significant damage to Allied supply lines. The U-boat campaign was a major factor in both world wars and had a significant impact on the outcome of the conflicts.

Deficit spending

Deficit spending refers to a situation where a government spends more money than it receives in revenue during a specific period. This results in a budget deficit, which is typically financed through borrowing or issuing government bonds. Deficit spending can be used as a fiscal policy tool to stimulate economic growth, but it can also lead to increased national debt if not managed properly.

John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes was a renowned economist who is best known for his contributions to macroeconomics and his advocacy for government intervention in the economy. He developed the Keynesian economic theory, which emphasizes the importance of aggregate demand in driving economic growth and suggests that government spending and monetary policies can be used to stabilize the economy during periods of recession or depression. Keynes' ideas had a significant impact on economic policy and influenced the development of modern macroeconomic theory.

Collectivize

1. organize (something) on the basis of ownership by the people or the state, abolishing private ownership or involvement:

   "his genius for collectivizing production radically changed consumer markets"

Kolkhoz

was a collective farm in the Soviet Union where peasants worked together and shared resources. It was a key component of the Soviet agricultural system during the 20th century.

Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s. It was triggered by the stock market crash of 1929 and resulted in widespread unemployment, poverty, and a decline in industrial production. The effects of the Great Depression were felt globally, with many countries experiencing economic hardships. The crisis led to significant changes in economic policies and regulations to prevent future economic collapses.

New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs and policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression. It aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform to the American economy and society. The New Deal included initiatives such as the creation of the Social Security system, the Works Progress Administration, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. It had a significant impact on the country's infrastructure, employment, and social welfare programs.

New Economic Plan (NEP)

The New Economic Plan (NEP) was a policy implemented by the Soviet Union in 1921. It aimed to revive the country's economy after the devastation caused by the Russian Civil War. The NEP allowed for limited free-market activities, such as small-scale private businesses and trade, while the state maintained control over major industries. It helped to stabilize the economy and improve living conditions, but also led to some inequalities and tensions within society.

Five-Year Plan

The Five-Year Plan refers to a centralized planning system implemented by the government of the Soviet Union. It aimed to set economic goals and targets for a period of five years, with the purpose of achieving rapid industrialization and economic growth. The plans were designed to allocate resources, determine production targets, and guide the development of various sectors of the economy. The first Five-Year Plan was introduced in 1928, and subsequent plans were implemented until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a conflict that took place in Russia from 1918 to 1922. It was fought between the Red Army, led by the Bolsheviks, and various anti-Bolshevik forces known as the White Army. The war resulted from political and social unrest following the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Red Army emerged victorious, establishing the Soviet Union as a socialist state.

Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War was a conflict that took place in Spain from 1936 to 1939. It was fought between the Republicans, who were loyal to the Spanish Republic, and the Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco. The war was a result of political and social tensions in Spain, with the Republicans being supported by left-wing groups and the Nationalists being backed by fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The war ended with the victory of the Nationalists, leading to Franco's dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975.

Politburo

The Politburo was the highest policy-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. It consisted of a group of influential party leaders who made decisions on important political and economic matters. The Politburo played a central role in shaping the policies and direction of the Soviet Union during its existence.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) is a political party in Mexico. It was founded in 1929 and held power in Mexico for most of the 20th century. The PRI is known for its authoritarian rule and its ability to maintain political control through a combination of patronage, corruption, and repression. It has undergone significant changes in recent years and is currently one of the major political parties in Mexico.

Fascism

Fascism is a far-right political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, strong nationalism, suppression of political dissent, and the belief in the superiority of one's own race or nation. It emerged in the early 20th century and was associated with leaders such as Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany. Fascist regimes often implemented authoritarian policies, curtailed civil liberties, and pursued aggressive expansionist agendas. The ideology has been widely condemned for its disregard for human rights and its role in promoting violence and discrimination.

Totalitarian state

A totalitarian state is a form of government where the ruling party or leader has complete control over all aspects of public and private life. It is characterized by the suppression of individual freedoms, strict censorship, and the absence of political opposition. Examples of totalitarian states include Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.

Popular Front

The Popular Front was a political alliance formed in the 1930s, primarily in France, to counter the rise of fascism. It brought together various left-wing parties and organizations, including socialists, communists, and liberals, with the goal of promoting social justice, workers' rights, and democracy. The Popular Front gained significant support and implemented several progressive reforms during its time in power. However, it eventually dissolved due to internal conflicts and external pressures.

Nationalists (Spain)

The creation of the tradition of the political community of Spaniards as common destiny over other communities has been argued to trace back to the Cortes of Cádiz.^[1] From 1812 on, revisiting the previous history of Spain, Spanish liberalism tended to take for granted the national conscience and the Spanish nation.^[2]

Republicans/Loyalists (Spain)

The Republicans, also known as the Loyalists, were the faction that fought against the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. They were composed of various left-wing groups, including socialists, communists, anarchists, and republicans. The Republicans aimed to defend the Spanish Republic and its democratic institutions against the military uprising led by General Francisco Franco and his Nationalist forces. The war lasted from 1936 to 1939, with the Nationalists ultimately emerging victorious and establishing a dictatorship under Franco.

Luftwaffe

The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht during World War II. It played a significant role in the early successes of the German military, but was ultimately defeated by the Allied forces. The Luftwaffe conducted strategic bombing campaigns, provided air support for ground forces, and engaged in air-to-air combat. Its most famous aircraft include the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. The Luftwaffe's decline can be attributed to factors such as the loss of experienced pilots, the introduction of advanced Allied aircraft, and the strategic bombing campaign against German industrial and military targets.

Soviet Union/Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R)

The Soviet Union, also known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R), was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was formed after the Russian Revolution and was led by the Communist Party. The Soviet Union was a major world power and played a significant role in World War II and the Cold War. It dissolved in 1991, leading to the formation of independent states.

Italian Somaliland

Italian Somaliland was a colony of Italy located in the Horn of Africa. It existed from 1889 to 1936 and encompassed the territory of present-day Somalia. The Italian administration aimed to exploit the region's resources and establish control over the local population. Italian Somaliland played a significant role in Italy's imperial ambitions in Africa during the early 20th century. However, it was eventually replaced by the Trust Territory of Somalia under Italian administration and later gained independence as the Somali Republic in 1960.

Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic refers to the period in Spanish history from 1931 to 1939 when Spain was a democratic republic. It was established after the fall of the monarchy and aimed to modernize the country and implement social and political reforms. However, it faced significant challenges, including political instability, economic struggles, and social divisions. The Spanish Republic ultimately ended with the Spanish Civil War and the rise of Francisco Franco's dictatorship.

Hypernationalism

Hypernationalism refers to an extreme form of nationalism characterized by an excessive and aggressive devotion to one's own nation. It often involves a sense of superiority, intolerance towards other nations or ethnic groups, and a desire for expansion or dominance. Hypernationalism can lead to xenophobia, discrimination, and even violence. It is important to distinguish hypernationalism from healthy patriotism, which involves love and pride for one's country without the negative aspects associated with hypernationalism.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the 32nd President of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is known for his leadership during the Great Depression and World War II. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of programs aimed at economic recovery and social reform. He also led the United States through most of World War II, working closely with Allied leaders to defeat Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. Roosevelt's presidency had a significant impact on American politics and society.

Francisco Franco

Francisco Franco was a Spanish general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. He came to power after winning the Spanish Civil War and established a totalitarian regime known as Francoist Spain. Franco's rule was characterized by authoritarianism, censorship, and repression of political opponents. He implemented conservative policies and maintained a close relationship with the Catholic Church. After his death, Spain transitioned to a democratic system.

Gulag

The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s. It was used to imprison and punish political dissidents, criminals, and perceived enemies of the state. The conditions in the Gulag were harsh, with prisoners subjected to long hours of labor, inadequate food and medical care, and brutal treatment. It is estimated that millions of people died in the Gulag system. The Gulag has been widely condemned as a violation of human rights and a symbol of the repressive nature of the Soviet regime.

PEMEX

PEMEX stands for Petróleos Mexicanos, which is the state-owned oil company in Mexico. It is one of the largest oil producers in the world and plays a significant role in the country's economy.

Decolonization

Decolonization refers to the process by which colonies gain independence from their colonial rulers. It involves the political, social, and economic transformation of a colony into an independent nation. This process often includes the end of colonial rule, the establishment of self-governance, and the reclaiming of cultural identity. Decolonization occurred throughout the 20th century as many countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean gained independence from European colonial powers. It is a complex and multifaceted process that varies in its outcomes and impacts across different regions and countries.

Mandate system

The mandate system was a system of governance imposed by the League of Nations after World War I. It involved assigning territories previously controlled by the defeated Central Powers to the victorious Allied powers as mandates. The purpose was to prepare these territories for self-governance and eventual independence. The mandates were supposed to be administered in a way that would benefit the local population and promote their development. However, the system was criticized for perpetuating colonialism and not fully achieving its intended goals.

Balfour Declaration

The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during World War I. It expressed support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. The declaration had significant implications for the Zionist movement and the eventual creation of the state of Israel.

Civil disobedience

a form of protest where individuals intentionally violate laws or regulations as a means of expressing their opposition to an unjust government or policy. It is a nonviolent method of resistance that aims to bring attention to social or political issues and provoke change. Some notable examples of civil disobedience include Mahatma Gandhi's Salt March in India and the Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States.

Big Three

The "Big Three" refers to the three major Allied leaders during World War II: Winston Churchill of Britain, Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union. They played a crucial role in shaping the outcome of the war and the post-war world.

Mohandas Gandhi

a prominent leader in India's independence movement against British rule. He advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience and played a crucial role in achieving India's independence in 1947. _____'s philosophy of Satyagraha, or truth-force, inspired many other civil rights movements around the world. He is remembered as a symbol of peace, justice, and equality.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a prominent political leader in British India and the founder of Pakistan. He played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan as a separate nation for Muslims in 1947. Jinnah served as the leader of the All India Muslim League and advocated for the rights and interests of Muslims in India. He is often referred to as "Quaid-e-Azam," meaning "Great Leader," and is considered the founding father of Pakistan. Jinnah's vision and leadership were instrumental in the decolonization process and the establishment of an independent Pakistan.

Jawaharlal Nehru

was the first Prime Minister of India. He played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. ____'s leadership helped shape India's democratic institutions and policies. He implemented various social and economic reforms, including the establishment of a mixed economy and the promotion of secularism. ______'s vision for India was based on principles of socialism, non-alignment, and scientific temper. He also advocated for universal education and women's rights. Nehru's contributions to India's development and his role in shaping its identity make him a significant figure in Indian history.

Mao Zedong \

Mao Zedong was a Chinese communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China. He led the Communist Party of China to victory in the Chinese Civil War and established a socialist state in 1949. Mao's policies, including the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, had significant social, economic, and political impacts on China. He is considered a controversial figure, with both supporters and critics of his leadership and policies.

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1975. He played a significant role in the Chinese Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. Chiang Kai-shek is known for his efforts to modernize China and his opposition to the Communist Party of China. After losing the civil war, he fled to Taiwan and established the Republic of China government there. He remained the President of Taiwan until his death in 1975.

Pan-Arabism

Pan-Arabism is a political ideology that promotes the unity and cooperation of Arab countries. It emerged in the early 20th century as a response to Western imperialism and the desire for Arab self-determination. Pan-Arabists advocate for the creation of a unified Arab state or a closer political and economic union among Arab nations. The movement has had varying degrees of influence throughout history and has been a significant factor in shaping Arab nationalism and regional politics in the Middle East.

Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress (INC) is a political party in India. It was founded in 1885 and played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement against British rule. The INC advocated for self-rule and represented various sections of Indian society. It organized mass movements, protests, and civil disobedience campaigns to challenge British colonial rule. After India gained independence in 1947, the INC became the dominant political party and has since played a significant role in shaping Indian politics.

satyagraha (devotion-to-truth) movement

The satyagraha movement was a nonviolent resistance movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in India. It aimed to achieve political and social change through peaceful means, emphasizing the power of truth and moral force. Satyagraha was based on principles such as nonviolence, civil disobedience, and self-suffering. It played a significant role in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule.

Salt March

The Salt March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, was a nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in India in 1930. It was a significant event in the Indian independence movement against British rule. Gandhi and his followers marched for 240 miles to the Arabian Sea to produce salt from seawater, defying the British salt monopoly. The march aimed to challenge the unjust salt tax imposed by the British and to promote civil disobedience as a means of resistance. The Salt March played a crucial role in mobilizing the Indian population and drawing international attention to the Indian independence movement.

March Fist Movement

March First Movement, series of demonstrations for Korean national independence from Japan that began on March 1, 1919, in the Korean capital city of Seoul and soon spread throughout the country.

May Fourth Movement

The May Fourth Movement was a student-led protest in China in 1919. It was a response to the Treaty of Versailles, which handed over German concessions in China to Japan. The movement called for political and cultural reforms, and played a significant role in shaping modern Chinese nationalism and the Chinese Communist Party.

Chinese communist Party (CCP)

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the ruling political party in the People's Republic of China. It was founded in 1921 and has been in power since 1949. The CCP follows Marxist-Leninist ideology and is known for its centralized control over the government, economy, and society in China. It has played a significant role in shaping modern Chinese history and continues to be a dominant force in Chinese politics.

Long March

The Long March refers to the strategic retreat of the Red Army of the Communist Party of China in 1934-1935. Led by Mao Zedong, the Red Army traveled over 6,000 miles to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang forces. The Long March played a crucial role in the rise of Mao Zedong as the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and solidified the party's support among the rural population.

Palestine

Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين, romanized: Filasṭīn^[d]), officially the State of Palestine (دولة فلسطين, Dawlat Filasṭīn),^[e] is a state in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Founded on 15 November 1988 and officially governed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), it claims the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip as its territory, all of which have been Israeli-occupied territories since the 1967 Six-Day War.^[6][18] The West Bank contains 165 Palestinian enclaves that are under partial Palestinian rule, but the remainder, including 200 Israeli settlements, is under full Israeli control. The Gaza Strip was governed by Egypt but conquered by Israel in 1967.

pakistan

Pakistan is a country located in South Asia. It gained independence from British rule in 1947 and is known for its diverse culture, rich history, and geopolitical significance. The official language is Urdu, and the capital city is Islamabad. Pakistan has a parliamentary democratic system and is the world's sixth-most populous country. It shares borders with India, Afghanistan, Iran, and China. The economy is primarily based on agriculture, industry, and services. Pakistan is also known for its nuclear weapons program and its complex relationship with neighboring countries.Manchukuo 

Amritsar Massacre

The Amritsar Massacre, also known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, India. British troops under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer fired upon a crowd of unarmed Indian protesters, resulting in the death of hundreds and injuring thousands. The incident played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and led to widespread condemnation of British rule in India.

Manchukuo

Manchukuo was a puppet state in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia, established by the Empire of Japan in 1932. It was created after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931. Manchukuo existed until 1945 when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat in World War II. The state was widely condemned as an illegal entity and not recognized by most countries.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was a concept promoted by the Japanese Empire during World War II. It aimed to create a self-sufficient bloc of Asian nations under Japanese leadership, with the goal of freeing Asia from Western colonialism. However, it was largely seen as a cover for Japanese imperialism and aggression. The concept ultimately failed, and Japan's actions during this time were widely condemned.

Mahatma

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Jomo Kenyatta

Jomo Kenyatta was a prominent Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician. He played a significant role in Kenya's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. Kenyatta became the first Prime Minister of Kenya in 1963 and later served as the country's first President from 1964 until his death in 1978. He is considered the founding father of modern Kenya and made significant contributions to the development of the nation.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

Leopold Sedar Senghor was a prominent Senegalese poet, philosopher, and politician. He is known for his role in promoting the concept of "Negritude," which celebrated African culture and identity. Senghor served as the first President of Senegal from 1960 to 1980 and was a key figure in the struggle for independence from French colonial rule. He made significant contributions to literature, particularly through his poetry, and his ideas on cultural identity continue to influence African intellectual thought.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party. He rose to power as Chancellor of Germany in 1933 and later became dictator, establishing a totalitarian regime. Hitler's aggressive foreign policies led to the outbreak of World War II. He implemented policies that targeted Jews, resulting in the Holocaust and the deaths of millions. Hitler's reign ended in 1945 when he died by suicide in his bunker in Berlin. His actions and ideology have been widely condemned as one of the darkest periods in history.

Neville Chamberlain

Arthur Neville Chamberlain FRS (/ˈtʃeɪmbərlɪn/; 18 March 1869 – 9 November 1940) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940 and Leader of the Conservative Party from May 1937 to October 1940. He is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement on 30 September 1938, ceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler. 

Sudetenland

The Sudetenland refers to the border regions of Czechoslovakia that were inhabited by a significant German-speaking population. It became a major point of contention in the lead-up to World War II. In 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded the annexation of the Sudetenland to Germany, claiming it as part of his policy of uniting all German-speaking people. This led to the Munich Agreement, where Britain and France agreed to Hitler's demands in order to avoid war. The annexation of the Sudetenland was a significant step towards the eventual German occupation of Czechoslovakia.

Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws were a set of antisemitic laws enacted in Nazi Germany in 1935. They stripped German Jews of their citizenship, prohibited marriage and sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews, and defined who was considered Jewish based on ancestry. These laws were a key step in the systematic persecution and discrimination against Jews leading up to the Holocaust.

Anschluss

Anschluss refers to the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938. It violated the Treaty of Versailles and was a significant step towards Hitler's goal of creating a Greater German Reich. The Anschluss was met with little resistance and was widely supported by the Austrian population.

Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement was a settlement reached in 1938 between Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom. It allowed Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia, known as the Sudetenland, without military intervention. The agreement is widely seen as a failed attempt to appease Nazi Germany and avoid war.