Cell differentiation

cell differentiation

The process by which an unspecialized cell (such as a stem cell) becomes a more specialized cell type with a specific structure and function.

cell differentiation example

A stem cell differentiates into a red blood cell to transport oxygen.

differentiation process

The series of changes that a cell undergoes as it becomes specialized for a particular function.

differentiation process example

• A neuronal stem cell differentiates into a neuron with long extensions to transmit electrical signals.

gene expression

The process by which information from a gene is used to create a functional product, usually a protein. Gene expression is crucial in differentiation, as certain genes are turned on or off to guide the specialization of the cell.

gene expression example

In muscle cell differentiation, genes responsible for producing actin and myosin proteins are activated to form the contractile proteins required for muscle function.

differentiated cells

Cells that have undergone differentiation and acquired specific characteristics, allowing them to perform a specialized function.

differentiated cells example

red blood, sperm, xylem cells

xylem cells

Specialized for water transport with lignin in the walls for strength.

potency of stem cells

Refers to the ability of a stem cell to differentiate into various types of cells. Stem cells are classified based on their potency

totipotent

Can form any type of cell, including all specialized body cells and placental cells (e.g., early embryonic cells).

pluripotent

Can form most types of cells, except for placental cells (e.g., embryonic stem cells).

multipotent

Can differentiate into a limited range of related cell types (e.g., blood stem cells can form red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).

unipotent

Can only differentiate into one type of cell (e.g., skin cells).

differentiation in animal cells

The process by which animal cells acquire specialized structures and functions, usually early in development.

muscle cells

Differentiated to contain many mitochondria for energy and actin and myosin filaments for contraction.

nerve cells

Differentiated to have long axons and dendrites for transmitting electrical signals.

red blood cells

Differentiated to have a biconcave shape and lack a nucleus to carry more hemoglobin.

differentiation in plant cells

Plant cells can also differentiate into specialized types to carry out specific functions.

root hair cells

Specialized for absorption of water and minerals with long, hair-like projections.

xylem cells

Specialized for transporting water with lignified cell walls and are often dead cells to allow free passage of water.

phloem cells

Specialized for transporting sugars with sieve plates and companion cells to assist with energy.

adult stem cells

Stem cells found in adult tissues that are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate into a limited range of cell types. They help in tissue repair and maintenance.

adult stem cells example

Bone marrow stem cells can differentiate into various types of blood cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

embryonic stem cells

Pluripotent stem cells derived from early-stage embryos. They can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body.

embryonic stem cells example

Embryonic stem cells can be used to create cells for treating conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or Parkinson’s.