Describe the process of transcription.
It is when a strand of mRNA is synthesized using a compementary strand of DNA. A region called a promoter which is a sequence of nucleotides starts transcription in a process called initiation. In the stage of elongation RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA segment which is used as the coding strand in the process of creating mRNA. Transcription ends with termination which seperates the RNA from the gene.
Describe transcription factors.
They bind to the promoters of DNA sequences and can either encourage or repress the transcription of genes.
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Describe the process of transcription.
It is when a strand of mRNA is synthesized using a compementary strand of DNA. A region called a promoter which is a sequence of nucleotides starts transcription in a process called initiation. In the stage of elongation RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA segment which is used as the coding strand in the process of creating mRNA. Transcription ends with termination which seperates the RNA from the gene.
Describe transcription factors.
They bind to the promoters of DNA sequences and can either encourage or repress the transcription of genes.
Describe what an enhancer region is.
These are sites for certain transcription factors. DNA may bend to allow the proteins in the promoter and enhancer region to come into contact. The change in shape allows for the interaction of activator proteins bound to the enhancers.
Describe what a promoter region is.
The sequence of nucleotides required to begin the process of transcription.
Describe what an activator is.
A protein that binds to an enhancer which makes the gene more likely to be transcribed.
Describe what a repressor is.
Can bind to a promoter or an enhancer to block transcription of genes.
Describe the process of translation.
The process of translating converts strands of mRNA into the amino acids that make up proteins. The translation process takes place on the ribosome. The two subunits which make up ribosomes come together and attach to the mRNA. Here, the ribosome provides a substrate for translation. The tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome which builds the polypeptide chain. To do this, the tRNA recognizes the codon of the mRNA by having a corresponding anticodon.
Describe the primary structure of a protein.
Made up of a unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Describe the secondary structure of a protein.
The secondary structure results from the folding of a polypeptide chain which results in the secondary structure. Takes the form of either an a-helix or a B-pleated sheet. Structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.
Describe the tertiary structure of a protein.
The chemical interactions in the polypeptide chain create a three-dimensional structure. There is a mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between the R groups.
Describe the quatenary structure of a protein.
The interaction of multiple tertiary structure sub units. Required for certain proteins to exist in nature. Weak interactions between the units ensure stability.
Explain the components that allow for translational targeting to the rough ER.
Proteins are targeted to the RER by a signal peptide. This signal peptide is a short sequence attached to the end of a protein that directs it to the correct cellular compartment. Signal recognition proteins bring the protein with the signal peptide to the correct destination. When the protein gets there, the signal sequence detaches.
Silent mutation
A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide.
Nonsense mutation
A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence that results in a premature stop codon and a shortened polypeptide.
Missense Mutation
A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence that results in the replacement of 1 amino acid with a different one.
Frameshift mutation
An insertion or deletion of a nucleotide base pair that disrupts every downstream codon, and therefore produces a dramatically different amino acid sequence.
Summarize the qualities of DNA.
It carries genetic information and remains in the nucleus. It has a double helix structure with deoxyribose sugar. It’s pyrimidines include cytosine and thymine. While it’s purines are adenine and guanine.
Summarize the qualities of RNA.
Since it’s involved in protein synthesis it leaves the nucleus. It is single stranded with ribose sugar. The pyrimidine bases include cytosine and uracil, while the purine bases include adenine and guanine.