AP Human Geography Unit 5 Notecards

Agrarian

characteristic of farmers or their way of life

agribusiness

highly mechanized, large-scale farming, usually under corporate ownership

agriculture

the cultivation of domesticated crops and the raising of domesticated animals

aquaculture

the cultivation of aquatic organisms (as fish or shellfish) especially for food

biotechnology

any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives there of, to make or modify products or processes for specific use

cadastral system

survey system that determines the value extent, and ownership of land for purposes of taxation

cerial grain / stable grains

maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced gains worldwide

collective farms

regards a system of agricultural organization where as farms laborers are not compensated via wages. rather, the workers receive a share of the farm's net productivity

commercial agriculture

used to describe large scale farming and racnhing operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology

commodity chains

a sequential process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities and finially distribute them to customers

intensive agriculture

expenditure of much labor and capital on a piece of land to increase its productivity

extensive agriculture

use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity

crop rotation

the practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exausting the soil

dairying

an animal husbandry enterprise, raising female cattle, goats, or certain other lactating livestock for long-term production of milk which may be either processed onsite or transported to a dairy for processing and eventually retail sale

debt for nature swamp

an agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors. Creditors agree to forgive debts in return for environmental protection

domestication hearths for plants and animals

a part of the world where plant or animal domestication occurs on a large scale

double cropping

a second crop is planted after the first has been harvested

economic activity

the types of jobs that are necessary to have in the world

primary economic activity

(extractive sector) concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment

secondary econmic activity

(manufacturing sector) processing of products and assembling raw minerals

teritiary economic activity

(service sector) provides us with transportation, communication, and utillities

quaternary economic activity

concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of data and capitol

quinary economic activity

require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill

environmental modifications

changes made to the environment

chemical farming

increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

pesticides

any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or migrating any pest

herbicides

type of pesticide used to kill unwanted plants

fertilizer

any substance, such as manure, or a mixture of nitrates, added to soil or water to increase its productivity

soil erosion

the washing away of soil by the flow of water

shifting cultivation

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

slash - and - burn

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

milpa

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning

swidden

a patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

nomadic herding

the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

pastoralism

the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals

extractive industry

industries involved in the activities of: prospecting and exploring for a nonrenewable resource, getting them, further exploring them, developing them, or extracting them from the earth

feedlot

a factory-like farm devoted to either livestock fattening or dairying

first agricultural revolution

dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

fishing

the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering animals not classifiable as insects which breathe in water or pass their lives in water

food chain

the feeding relationships between species

forestry

the art, science, and practice of studing and managing forests and plantations and related natural resources

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

organisms whose genes have been modified to increase things such as control over it, predictability, and efficiency

globalized agriculture

diffusion of agriculture across the globe

green revolution

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer

horticulture

the art or science of cultivation fruits, vegetables, flowers. or ornamental plants

intertillage

the manual clearing of rows in the field though the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment

livestock ranching

a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat

luxury crops

specialized crops not typically not essential to human survival

market gardening

the relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegtables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants

Mediterranean agriculture

accounts for virtually all olive oil produced worldwide, 60% of wine production, 45% of grape production, 25% of dried nuts, 20% of citrus production, and about 12% of total cereal production

milkshed

a region producing milk for a specific community

mineral fuels

are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil, or natural gas formed from the remains of dead plants and animals

monoculture

producing or growing one crop over a wide area

organic agriculture

approach to farming and raching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs

paddy

a small flooded field enclosed by mud dikes

pasture

land covered with grass or herbage and grazed by or suitable for grazing livestock

planned economy

economic system in which a single agency makes all decisions about the production and allocation of goods and services

plantation agriculture

a system of mnoculture for producing export crops requiring relatively large amounts of land and capitol

primogeniture

system in which the eldest son in a large family (or daughter if necessary) inherits all of the dying parent's land

reaper

a machine for cutting standing grain

renewable resource

can be replaced without a long wait time

non-renewable resource

a resource that must be depleted to be used

ridge tillage

contemporary and traditional cropping system in which plants grow on a hill or a band

rural settlement

sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities

dispersed settlements

a type of settlement from where people live relatively distant from each other

nucleated settlements

a relatively dense settlement form

building material

wood, brick, stone, wattle, grass, and bush

village forms

linear- tightly packed, need land for farming

cluster- may have began as a hamlet, then further developed

round- keep animals inside, houses surrounding them

walled- farm villages fortified for protection

grid- easy to get around in, modern

sawah

a wet rice field

second agricultural revolution

included improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce

specialization

where individuals become experts in producing certain goods or services that are then exchanged

spring wheat

wheat planted in the spring

winter wheat

wheat planted in the fall, harvested in spring

subsistence agriculture

self-sufficient agriculture that is smallscale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade

extensive subsistence agriculture

use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity

intensive subsistence agriculture

expenditure of much labor and capitol to increase agricultural productivity

suitcase farm

an american commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives

survey patterns

patterns used to survey the land on Earth

long lots

houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular to a long river, so that each original settler had equal river access

metes - and - bounds

uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances to define the bounaries of a perpendicular piece of land

township - and - range

land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range), which are also further divided

sustainable yield

ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of the capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same time, or increasing level over time

third agricultural revolution

mechanization, chemical farming, and food manufacturing

"tragedy of the commons"

class of social trap that involve a conflict over resources between individual interests and the common good

Transhumance

a seasonal periodic movement of pastorialists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures

truck farm

commercial gardening and fruit farming so named because the word was a middle English word meaning bartering of the exchange of commodities

wattle

an organization of interwoven plant materials used as a fence, preventing sedimentation by runoff and erosion

wet rice

rice grown on arable, wet paddy fields

winnow

a device that separates grain from the chaff (from the plant)