Metabolism
the combination of all chemical reactions through which an organism builds up and breaks down materials.
Aerobic
metabolic processes need oxygen
Anaerobic
metabolic processes don’t need oxygen
Electron Carriers
Metabolic processes often use ATP, but there are several other molecules in the cell that can be used as energy currency. Instead of using their chemical names, these molecules will be referred to as________, Examples include ATP, NADH, and FADH2
Energized Molecules
ATP, Energized electron carriers.
Ex: NADH and FADH2
De-energized Molecules
ADP, De-energized electron carriers.
Ex: NAD+ and FADH
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
an electron carrier which provides energy for many cellular processes
Cristae
the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane
Matrix
inner compartment of mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
the process by which the chemical energy of food molecules is converted into useful energy, Divided into three metabolic processes: Glycolysis, The Krebs Cycle, The Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Anaerobic, found in the cytoplasm, glucose is split into 2 molecules called pyruvate (aka pyruvic acid) This change is accompanied by a NET gain of 2 ATP molecules and some energized electron carriers.
The Krebs Cycle
Aerobic, found in matrix, it uses 2 Acetyl CoA to produce energized electron carriers, including 2 ATP. The non-ATP energized electron carriers will be used in the electron transport chain. More CO2 is released. There is a NET gain of 2 ATP.
The Electron Transport Chain
Aerobic, found in Inner Mitochondrial Membrane, The ETC allows the release of a lot of energy stored in electron carriers from the Krebs Cycle to make ATP. Approximately 34 ATP are produced in this step.
Fermentation
anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm, occur after glycolysis when oxygen isn’t available to continue the Krebs Cycle and ETC. Different organisms undergo different types of fermentation. Plants and yeast cells undergo alcoholic/yeast fermentation. Animals undergo lactic acid fermentation
Photosynthesis
light energy from the sun is used to make chemical energy. Chemical energy and CO2 are then used to make glucose.
Chloroplasts
trap light energy
Xylem
Water enters leaf through tubes called
Phloem
Sugar leaves leaf through tubes called
Leaves
are the site of photosynthesis
These capture light and are flat and numerous to increase surface area.
They have a cuticle and adjustable stomata to prevent water loss
Stems
are supporting structures that connect roots and leaves
Carry water up and nutrients/glucose down
Hold leaves up to the light
Roots
are underground plant organs that absorb water and minerals from soil.
Anchor the plant and keep it upright.
Palisade cells
absorb most of the light coming into the leaf
Mesophyll cells
absorb most of the light coming into the leaf and contain many chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
double membrane structure with internal stacks of membranous discs \n site of photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce food \n (Only in plant cells)
Vascular Bundle
made of tissues that transport substances: xylem & phloem
Stomata
On the underside of leaves, surrounded by guard cells that allow them to open and close to allow in CO2 & prevent H2O loss
Guard Cells
each of a pair of curved cells that surround a stoma, becoming larger or smaller according to the pressure within the cells
Thylakoids
the structures where photosynthesis occurs
Grana
the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast
Stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast
Light Reactions
Light-dependent reactions, located in thylakoid, reactants: H2O and sunlight, products: ATP, O2, and energized electron carriers
Calvin Cycle
Dark reactions, light-independent reactions, located in stroma, Reactants: CO2, ATP, and energized electron carriers, Products: C6H12O6
To occur, the Calvin Cycle use ATP and NADPH created during the light reactions. It also uses CO2 that enters through the stomata.
Three major processes occur during the Calvin Cycle:
Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration
Glucose is produced.
Photolysis
Inside the thylakoid, water is split into oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons when sunlight strikes a pigment embedded in the membrane, Hydrogens are pumped out, powering another pump to make ATP. The electrons and the pumped-out hydrogens are used to make the electron carrier NADPH
Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide+Water+sunlight>glucose+oxygen
Chemical Equation of Cellular Respiration
glucose+oxygen>carbon dioxide+water+energy(ATP)