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Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts

Physiology

Study of the function of body parts

Principle of complementarity of structure and function

Function always follows structure; the structure of a body part determines its function

Surface anatomy

Location of structures with reference to external surface of body without dissection

4 quadrants

Pair of perpendicular lines that intersect at naval (belly button)

Right upper quadrant

Liver, gall bladder, right kidney

Right lower quadrant

Cecum, appendix, right ovary

Left upper quadrant

Spleen and left kidney

Left lower quadrant

Sigmoid colon, left ovary

Sectional anatomy

Location of structures with reference to regions deep to the surface with dissection

Anatomical position

Body is erect (standing), feet slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, arms hanging at sides, palms facing forward, thumbs facing away from body

Anatomical plane

Hypothetical plane used to transect the body

Planes

Sagittal, Frontal/Coronal, Transverse

Mid-sagittal plane

Divides body into equal left and right sections

Parasagittal plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right sections

Frontal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections (upper and lower)

Longitudinal view

Cuts body vertically

Transverse view

Cuts body horizontally

Oblique view

Cuts body diagonally

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Towards the feet

Anterior

Towards the front (ventral)

Posterior

Towards the back (dorsal)

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Towards the point of reference

Distal

Away from the point of reference

Superficial

Towards the outside (external)

Deep

Towards the inside (internal)

Bilateral

Same structure on the left and right ex. Kidney

Unilateral

Only one structure on left or right ex. Liver

Ipsilateral

Two different structures on the same side ex. Liver and gall bladder

Contralateral

Two different structures on opposite side ex. Spleen and gall bladder

Body cavities

Dorsal and Ventral

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial and Vertebral/Spinal

Cranial cavity

Brain enclosed by skull

Vertebral/Spinal cavity

Spinal cord enclosed by vertebral column

Ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity and mediastinum cavity

Pleural cavities

Lungs

Mediastinum

Between pleural cavities

Superior mediastinum

Great vessels of the heart located here

Inferior mediastinum

Anterior, middle, and posterior

Transverse thoracic plane line

Used to differentiate superior and inferior mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Digestive viscera

Pelvic cavity

Front to back; bladder, female reproductive organs, rectum

Homeostasis

Refers to maintaining stability of the body’s internal environment

Variable

Factor or event that changes and is being regulated

Set point

Optimal or ideal level at which a variable is to be maintained

Homeostatic control mechanism

Physiologic systems that work to return variables to set point

Homeodynamics

Maintenance of homeostasis as set points change in the body as we grow and age

Settling point

A set point at a particular time in one’s life

Homeostatic control systems

Physiological regulatory systems that work to return a variable to its appropriate set point

3 components of HCS’s

Sensor (receptor), control (integrating) center, effector

HCS pathway

Stimulus (variable) → sensor (receptor) →info (input) → control center → info (output) → effector → response

Sensor (receptor)

Monitors environment, responds to changes in level of variable (stimuli), sends input info to control center

Control center

Analyses input info it receives, determines both set point and response needed to achieve it, sends output info to effector

Effector

Acts out on output info it receives, provides response (output)

Negative feedback

Deceleration of pathway

Positive feedback

Acceleration of pathway

Feed forward

Can be negative or positive, occurs in anticipation of external stimuli