exam review

Geographic Information systems

allows maps with millions of piece of data

led to the creation of more maps

world system

an interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition

interdependency does no mean equality

mini-system

societies with a single cultural base and localized economy based on reciprocity

agricultural revolution

domestication of animals and crops allowed more permanent settlements

world empires

group of mini systems with common political system

law of diminishing returns

productivity declines after a certain point, even when you continue to add capital or labor

empires responding by colonizing more land

why did world-empires led to urbanization?

cities were necessary to administer the empire, and served as religious and military centers

core regions

set the rules of trade, wealth flows to the core from other tiers

periphery regions

follow the core’s trade rules

semi-periphery

both dominates and is dominated

india as core through late 1700s

diversified industrial/agricultural economy

affordable

artisanal production

highly productive agriculture

Britain as core through late 1700s

highly limited-little land

large wool industry

imported raw cotton

history of cotton

domesticated in South America and india

Egypt began producing then trading with india

Britain imported raw cotton

calico acts (1690-1721)

British parliament adopted protectionist, anti-free trade policies toward Indian fabrics

hegemony

domination over the world economy exercised through a combination of military, financial and cultural means

colonialism

establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by one state over another

driven by desire for economic gain

neocolonialism

the use of economic or political strategies to exert influence over other areas or people

transnational corporations

corporations with investments and activities that span international boundaries, and have branches, factories or offices in several countries

why become transnational

market reasons - more people who will buy your product

efficiency reasons

commodity chains

networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity

1. production 2. distribution 3. consumption

demography

study of characteristics of a population

population geography

the study of the spatial patterns of human populations, the implications of such patterns and the reasons for them

population distribution

where they are located that is important

factors influencing population distribution

accessibility, climate, water availability, natural resources

calculate population change

births-deaths+immigration-emigration

census

straightforward count of the number of people in a country, region, or city

rate of natural increase

births-deaths

crude birth rate

number of live births/ 1,000 people

total fertility rate

average # of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

doubling time

the time it will take for a population of any giver area to grow to twice its current size 70/rate of natural increase (births-deaths)

dependency ration

the ratio of the economically active population to those considered dependent

malthus

the power of the population is indefinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence

marxist view

critical of Malthus, too much people are not the problem but the capitalist system

argued that resources are relative, you can alter your relationship with nature