APUSH Period 3

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54 Terms

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Treaty of Paris

  • 1763

  • The agreement that ended the Seven Years' War

  • resulted in France losing nearly all of its colonies in North America to Britain

  • Spain ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for Havana, Cuba

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Rebellions/Resistances

  • Pontiac’s Rebellion

    • An uprising after the Treaty of Paris where Native American tribes were dissatisfied with British post-war policies in the Great Lakes region after their victory.

    • Let by Ottawa leader Pontiac

  • Shays’ Rebellion

    • An uprising led by former Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays in Massachusetts between 1786-1787, protesting against high taxes and stringent economic conditions.

    • revealed weakness of gov under articles of confederation

  • Whiskey Rebellion

    • uprising in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania against federal excise tax on whiskey.

    • significant because it tested the new government's ability to enforce its laws.

    • President Washington sent a militia to western Pennsylvania and squash the uprising.

    • Federalists supported this action, while Antifederalists hated it.

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Albany Plan of Union

  • plan by who

  • in what meeting

  • 3 things

  • was a rejected plan by Ben Franklin to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies

  • at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754

    • Grand Council: formed with elected representatives from the different colonies to oversee matters of common defense/western expansion/Indian affairs

    • President General: established/appointed by the King who would preside; power to veto decisions made by the Grand Council

    • The Council: authorized to collect taxes for military expenditures

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Royal Proclamation of 1763

  • instituted by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory

  • forbade all settlement past a certain line along the Appalachian Mountains

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Why 1754-1800?

  • end of seven year’s war to first 2 presidential administrations (Washington and Adams)

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Quartering Act of 1765

  • required the colonists to provide food, shelter, and other supplies to British soldiers stationed in the colonies

  • the act was intended to help defray the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies and to ensure that the soldiers were properly cared for

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Taxes by Britsh

  • Sugar Act 1764

    • imposed taxes on sugar, molasses, and other products that were imported

  • Stamp Act 1765

    • required colonists in America to pay tax on printed materials

    • ex. legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards

  • Townshend Act 1767

    • imposed taxes on a variety of imported goods ex. glass, lead, paint, and tea.

    • They were met with arguably the most resistance, as the colonists loved tea.

    • revenues from this tax would help pay the despised British government officials within the colonies

  • Tea Act

    • 1773

    • granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies and lowered the price of tea

    • led to Boston Tea Party

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Virtual Representation

  • members of parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographic locations

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Stamp Act Congress

  • aka continental congress of 1765

  • meeting held in NYC

  • passed declaration of rights and grievances

  • claimed American colonists were equal to all other British citizens

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Boston Massacre

  • confrontation on March 5, 1770

  • British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston

  • 5 soldiers put on trial for murder, John Adams served as defense attorney

  • symbol of British oppression

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Boston Tea Party

  • political protest by the Sons of Liberty

  • December 16, 1773

  • dumped 342 chests of tea imported by the British East India Company into the harbor as a response to the Tea Act

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Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts

  • when

  • why

  • series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774

  • aimed at punishing the American colonists for the Boston Tea Party and other protests

  • closed boston harbor

  • restricted colonists’ ability to govern themselves

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First Continental Congress

  • meeting held between September 5-October 26, 1774 in Philadelphia.

  • It brought together delegates from twelve of America's thirteen colonies (Georgia did not participate) as a response against Britain's Coercive Acts.

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Common Sense/Thomas Paine

  • political pamphlet by Paine 1776

  • argued for American Independence from Britain

  • natural rights/representation

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Declaration of Independence

  • document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776

  • It announced that thirteen American colonies were no longer under British rule and were now independent states

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Continental Army

  • formed after outbreak of American Revolutionary War by representatives from 13 colonies

  • Led by General George Washington

  • served as main army of the Patriots during the Revolutionary War.

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Significant Battles in Revolutionary War

  • Battle of Saratoga

    • decisive victory for the American forces during the Revolutionary War in 1777, convinced France to enter into an alliance with the Americans against Britain

  • Battle of Yorktown

    • decisive victory by combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over British Army commanded by Lord Charles Cornwallis.

    • It effectively ended major operations in North America during American Revolution.

  • Battle of Lexington and Concord

    • two battles on April 19th, 1775

    • marked the start of armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies which would later become known as Revolutionary War

  • Battle of Long Island

    • fought in August 1776, was a major conflict during the American Revolutionary War.

    • It was a significant victory for the British and marked a low point for the Continental Army

  • Battle of Trenton

    • December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War

    • It was a surprise attack led by George Washington against Hessian forces in Trenton, New Jersey.

    • The victory boosted American morale.

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Articles of Confederation

  • first constitution of the United States, adopted by Second Continental Congress in 1777 and ratified by the states in 1781.

  • It established a weak central government that had limited power over the states.

  • Ineffective, weaknesses:

    • gov no power to levy/collect taxes

    • no power to regulate foreign trade

    • no power to enforce laws

    • approval of 9/13 states needed to enact laws

    • all states need to approve amendments to articles

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Northwest ordinance of 1787

  • act passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation

  • created a system for admitting new states into the Union from the territory north and west of Ohio River.

  • abolished slavery in northwest territories

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Constitutional convention

  • 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

  • It was a meeting where delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies wrote the United States Constitution.

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Virginia Plan

  • A proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch (2 houses) during the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

  • James Madison, Edmund Randolph

  • Representation in the lower house would be determined by population

  • representation in the upper house would be determined by the lower house.

  • A stronger federal government would have more power to regulate commerce, collect taxes, and enforce laws

  • proposed to give more power to the more populous states in Congress.

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New Jersey Plan

  • by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

  • It proposed a unicameral legislature (one house)

  • each state, regardless of size or population, would have equal representation.

  • national government would have a limited role and would not be able to regulate commerce, collect taxes, or enforce laws.

  • It was proposed to give more power to the smaller states

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Three-fifths Compromise

  • agreement reached during the drafting of the U.S. Constitution that counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation

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Federalist Papers

  • collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius."

  • They were published between 1787 and 1788 to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.

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Republican Motherhood

  • 18th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution.

  • It centered around the belief that women should raise their sons to uphold ideals of republicanism, making them perfect citizens.

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Alexander Hamilton

  • Federalist

  • Secretary of Treasury under George Washington

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Elastic Clause

  • congress has right to make any law that is necessary and proper to carry out responsibilities

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Democratic Republicans

  • Jeffersonians

  • Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

  • Madison and Jefferson formed the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton

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Washington’s Farewell Address

  • he urged America to:

    • Stay out of foreign alliances.

    • Not to get involved in political affairs.

    • Not to form political parties.

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XYZ Affair

  • Adams sent three American diplomats to France to negotiate in 1797

  • France had deployed three secret diplomats, named X, Y, and Z, to the talks. These three men wanted expensive bribe money from the Americans for the mere opportunity to talk with France.

  • Negotiations quickly failed, and the Americans returned home.

  • led to quasi war

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Alien and Sedition Acts

  • by who

  • purpose

  • 4 laws

  • These were four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated Congress

  • aimed at suppressing dissent against the federal government.

    • Naturalization Act: They made it harder for immigrants to become citizens

    • Alien Friends Act: allowed for the deportation of foreigners deemed dangerous

    • Alien Enemies Act: permitted the arrest and deportation of foreigners in times of war

    • Sedition Act: criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

  • response to Alien and Sedition Acts by federalists

  • Kentucky: 1798/1799 by Thomas Jefferson arguing that states have rights to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress not authorized by Constitution.

  • Virginia: 1798, written by James Madison, also argued against Alien and Sedition Acts on grounds of states' rights and constitutional interpretation.

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Indian Trade and Intercourse Act

  • the first law to regulate trade between Native Americans and colonists

  • 1790

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Pinckney Treaty/Treaty of San Lorenzo

  • defined the border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River

  • 1795

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Revolutionary War

  • 1775-1783

  • also known as the American Revolution

  • was a conflict where thirteen British colonies in North America fought for their independence from Great Britain

  • Brits were physically far and preoccupied with other challenges, the Americans had superior defense tactics and influential leaders like George Washington.

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Federalist

  • supporters of US constitution

  • strong central government

  • often propertied men who did not believe in states' rights

  • Alexander Hamilton

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Anti-federalist

  • opposed US constitution

  • fear of giving too much power to central gov

  • worried that the Constitution did not include a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties

  • were largely rural farmers

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Bill of Rights

  • The first ten amendments to the US Constitution

  • ratified in 1791, that outline and guarantee certain individual rights and freedoms.

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John Adams

  • 2nd president of US

  • strong advocate for independence from Britain

  • played key role in drafting the US constitution

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Ohio Valley

  • region along the Ohio River in northeastern United States

  • hotspot for conflict btwn British and French

  • British saw this area as their gateway to western expansion

  • French viewed it as their vital link between their possessions in Canada and the Lower Mississippi Valley

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Significant Battles of French and Indian War

  • Battle of Fort Necessity

    • 1754 during the French and Indian War

    • It was one of the first battles of the war, where British colonial forces led by George Washington were defeated by French and Native American forces

    • first attempt to evict the French from the Ohio River Valley

  • Battle of Monogahela

    • conflict in 1755 between British forces at Fort Duquesne

    • led by General Edward Braddock and French with Native American allies during the French and Indian War

    • Complete failure → end of Braddock expedition

  • Battle of Quebec

    • British army, led by General James Wolfe

    • French army, led by General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm

    • British Victory

    • turning point in French and Indian War bc it effectively ended French resistance in North America

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General Edward Braddock

  • British officer and commander-in-chief for the 13 colonies during the early stages of the French and Indian War.

  • Failed battle of monogahela

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Nonimportation Agreement

  • agreements made by colonial merchants not to import or sell goods from Britain as a form of protest against taxes

  • boycott

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Sons/Daughters of Liberty

  • sons: secret revolutionary organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies to advance the rights of the European colonists and to fight taxation

  • daughters: group of women in the American colonies who showed their patriotism and helped the cause for independence by boycotting British goods and making homemade alternatives

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William Pitt

  • influential British statesman who served as Prime Minister during crucial periods including during much of the Seven Years’ War.

  • known for his strategic planning that helped Britain win over France.

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Enlightenment Thinkers

  • John Locke: natural rights, two treatises of government

  • Thomas Hobbes: social contract

  • Baron de Montesquieu: checks and balances/separation of powers

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau: common good- benefit or interests of all or most members within a community

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Second Continental Congress

  • met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1776 to vote on independence from Britain due to the increasing tensions between the colonists and its "mother country."

  • established continental army

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minutemen

  • civilian colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies at a minute's notice during the American Revolutionary War

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Hessians

  • German mercenaries hired by Great Britain to fight against American forces during the American Revolutionary War

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Land Ordinance of 1785

  • law passed by Congress under The Articles

  • set up a system for surveying and selling western lands.

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The Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise

  • proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut

  • It established a bicameral legislature (2 houses) with a different method of representation in each house

  • The lower house, the House of Representatives, would be apportioned according to population.

  • The upper house, the Senate, would have equal representation for each state, with each state having two senators

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Electoral College

a group of people appointed by each state who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States.

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Constitution

  • the people are authority of constitution,

  • first 3 articles 3 branches:

    • congress: could collect taxes and regulate foreign and domestic trade.

    • executive branch: president, commander in chief of the military, had veto power over laws, and appointed judges for life

    • judicial branch: interprets laws and administers justice according to those interpretations. It consists primarily of courts, including Supreme Court at its apex.

  • articles 4-7: establish the relationship between the federal government and the states

    • the rights of citizens

    • process for amending constitution

    • procedures for federal and state elections

    • process for impeaching federal officials

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Quasi War

  • undeclared war fought almost entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800, which broke out during John Adams' presidency