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Treaty of Paris
1763
The agreement that ended the Seven Years' War
resulted in France losing nearly all of its colonies in North America to Britain
Spain ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for Havana, Cuba
Rebellions/Resistances
Pontiac’s Rebellion
An uprising after the Treaty of Paris where Native American tribes were dissatisfied with British post-war policies in the Great Lakes region after their victory.
Let by Ottawa leader Pontiac
Shays’ Rebellion
An uprising led by former Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays in Massachusetts between 1786-1787, protesting against high taxes and stringent economic conditions.
revealed weakness of gov under articles of confederation
Whiskey Rebellion
uprising in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania against federal excise tax on whiskey.
significant because it tested the new government's ability to enforce its laws.
President Washington sent a militia to western Pennsylvania and squash the uprising.
Federalists supported this action, while Antifederalists hated it.
Albany Plan of Union
plan by who
in what meeting
3 things
was a rejected plan by Ben Franklin to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies
at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754
Grand Council: formed with elected representatives from the different colonies to oversee matters of common defense/western expansion/Indian affairs
President General: established/appointed by the King who would preside; power to veto decisions made by the Grand Council
The Council: authorized to collect taxes for military expenditures
Royal Proclamation of 1763
instituted by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory
forbade all settlement past a certain line along the Appalachian Mountains
Why 1754-1800?
end of seven year’s war to first 2 presidential administrations (Washington and Adams)
Quartering Act of 1765
required the colonists to provide food, shelter, and other supplies to British soldiers stationed in the colonies
the act was intended to help defray the costs of maintaining a standing army in the colonies and to ensure that the soldiers were properly cared for
Taxes by Britsh
Sugar Act 1764
imposed taxes on sugar, molasses, and other products that were imported
Stamp Act 1765
required colonists in America to pay tax on printed materials
ex. legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards
Townshend Act 1767
imposed taxes on a variety of imported goods ex. glass, lead, paint, and tea.
They were met with arguably the most resistance, as the colonists loved tea.
revenues from this tax would help pay the despised British government officials within the colonies
Tea Act
1773
granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies and lowered the price of tea
led to Boston Tea Party
Virtual Representation
members of parliament represented the whole British empire, not specific people or geographic locations
Stamp Act Congress
aka continental congress of 1765
meeting held in NYC
passed declaration of rights and grievances
claimed American colonists were equal to all other British citizens
Boston Massacre
confrontation on March 5, 1770
British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston
5 soldiers put on trial for murder, John Adams served as defense attorney
symbol of British oppression
Boston Tea Party
political protest by the Sons of Liberty
December 16, 1773
dumped 342 chests of tea imported by the British East India Company into the harbor as a response to the Tea Act
Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts
when
why
series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774
aimed at punishing the American colonists for the Boston Tea Party and other protests
closed boston harbor
restricted colonists’ ability to govern themselves
First Continental Congress
meeting held between September 5-October 26, 1774 in Philadelphia.
It brought together delegates from twelve of America's thirteen colonies (Georgia did not participate) as a response against Britain's Coercive Acts.
Common Sense/Thomas Paine
political pamphlet by Paine 1776
argued for American Independence from Britain
natural rights/representation
Declaration of Independence
document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776
It announced that thirteen American colonies were no longer under British rule and were now independent states
Continental Army
formed after outbreak of American Revolutionary War by representatives from 13 colonies
Led by General George Washington
served as main army of the Patriots during the Revolutionary War.
Significant Battles in Revolutionary War
Battle of Saratoga
decisive victory for the American forces during the Revolutionary War in 1777, convinced France to enter into an alliance with the Americans against Britain
Battle of Yorktown
decisive victory by combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over British Army commanded by Lord Charles Cornwallis.
It effectively ended major operations in North America during American Revolution.
Battle of Lexington and Concord
two battles on April 19th, 1775
marked the start of armed conflict between Great Britain and thirteen of its North American colonies which would later become known as Revolutionary War
Battle of Long Island
fought in August 1776, was a major conflict during the American Revolutionary War.
It was a significant victory for the British and marked a low point for the Continental Army
Battle of Trenton
December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War
It was a surprise attack led by George Washington against Hessian forces in Trenton, New Jersey.
The victory boosted American morale.
Articles of Confederation
first constitution of the United States, adopted by Second Continental Congress in 1777 and ratified by the states in 1781.
It established a weak central government that had limited power over the states.
Ineffective, weaknesses:
gov no power to levy/collect taxes
no power to regulate foreign trade
no power to enforce laws
approval of 9/13 states needed to enact laws
all states need to approve amendments to articles
Northwest ordinance of 1787
act passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation
created a system for admitting new states into the Union from the territory north and west of Ohio River.
abolished slavery in northwest territories
Constitutional convention
1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
It was a meeting where delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies wrote the United States Constitution.
Virginia Plan
A proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch (2 houses) during the Constitutional Convention in 1787.
James Madison, Edmund Randolph
Representation in the lower house would be determined by population
representation in the upper house would be determined by the lower house.
A stronger federal government would have more power to regulate commerce, collect taxes, and enforce laws
proposed to give more power to the more populous states in Congress.
New Jersey Plan
by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention in 1787.
It proposed a unicameral legislature (one house)
each state, regardless of size or population, would have equal representation.
national government would have a limited role and would not be able to regulate commerce, collect taxes, or enforce laws.
It was proposed to give more power to the smaller states
Three-fifths Compromise
agreement reached during the drafting of the U.S. Constitution that counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation
Federalist Papers
collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius."
They were published between 1787 and 1788 to promote the ratification of the United States Constitution.
Republican Motherhood
18th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution.
It centered around the belief that women should raise their sons to uphold ideals of republicanism, making them perfect citizens.
Alexander Hamilton
Federalist
Secretary of Treasury under George Washington
Elastic Clause
congress has right to make any law that is necessary and proper to carry out responsibilities
Democratic Republicans
Jeffersonians
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
Madison and Jefferson formed the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton
Washington’s Farewell Address
he urged America to:
Stay out of foreign alliances.
Not to get involved in political affairs.
Not to form political parties.
XYZ Affair
Adams sent three American diplomats to France to negotiate in 1797
France had deployed three secret diplomats, named X, Y, and Z, to the talks. These three men wanted expensive bribe money from the Americans for the mere opportunity to talk with France.
Negotiations quickly failed, and the Americans returned home.
led to quasi war
Alien and Sedition Acts
by who
purpose
4 laws
These were four laws passed by the Federalist-dominated Congress
aimed at suppressing dissent against the federal government.
Naturalization Act: They made it harder for immigrants to become citizens
Alien Friends Act: allowed for the deportation of foreigners deemed dangerous
Alien Enemies Act: permitted the arrest and deportation of foreigners in times of war
Sedition Act: criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
response to Alien and Sedition Acts by federalists
Kentucky: 1798/1799 by Thomas Jefferson arguing that states have rights to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress not authorized by Constitution.
Virginia: 1798, written by James Madison, also argued against Alien and Sedition Acts on grounds of states' rights and constitutional interpretation.
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
the first law to regulate trade between Native Americans and colonists
1790
Pinckney Treaty/Treaty of San Lorenzo
defined the border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River
1795
Revolutionary War
1775-1783
also known as the American Revolution
was a conflict where thirteen British colonies in North America fought for their independence from Great Britain
Brits were physically far and preoccupied with other challenges, the Americans had superior defense tactics and influential leaders like George Washington.
Federalist
supporters of US constitution
strong central government
often propertied men who did not believe in states' rights
Alexander Hamilton
Anti-federalist
opposed US constitution
fear of giving too much power to central gov
worried that the Constitution did not include a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties
were largely rural farmers
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the US Constitution
ratified in 1791, that outline and guarantee certain individual rights and freedoms.
John Adams
2nd president of US
strong advocate for independence from Britain
played key role in drafting the US constitution
Ohio Valley
region along the Ohio River in northeastern United States
hotspot for conflict btwn British and French
British saw this area as their gateway to western expansion
French viewed it as their vital link between their possessions in Canada and the Lower Mississippi Valley
Significant Battles of French and Indian War
Battle of Fort Necessity
1754 during the French and Indian War
It was one of the first battles of the war, where British colonial forces led by George Washington were defeated by French and Native American forces
first attempt to evict the French from the Ohio River Valley
Battle of Monogahela
conflict in 1755 between British forces at Fort Duquesne
led by General Edward Braddock and French with Native American allies during the French and Indian War
Complete failure → end of Braddock expedition
Battle of Quebec
British army, led by General James Wolfe
French army, led by General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
British Victory
turning point in French and Indian War bc it effectively ended French resistance in North America
General Edward Braddock
British officer and commander-in-chief for the 13 colonies during the early stages of the French and Indian War.
Failed battle of monogahela
Nonimportation Agreement
agreements made by colonial merchants not to import or sell goods from Britain as a form of protest against taxes
boycott
Sons/Daughters of Liberty
sons: secret revolutionary organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies to advance the rights of the European colonists and to fight taxation
daughters: group of women in the American colonies who showed their patriotism and helped the cause for independence by boycotting British goods and making homemade alternatives
William Pitt
influential British statesman who served as Prime Minister during crucial periods including during much of the Seven Years’ War.
known for his strategic planning that helped Britain win over France.
Enlightenment Thinkers
John Locke: natural rights, two treatises of government
Thomas Hobbes: social contract
Baron de Montesquieu: checks and balances/separation of powers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: common good- benefit or interests of all or most members within a community
Second Continental Congress
met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1776 to vote on independence from Britain due to the increasing tensions between the colonists and its "mother country."
established continental army
minutemen
civilian colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies at a minute's notice during the American Revolutionary War
Hessians
German mercenaries hired by Great Britain to fight against American forces during the American Revolutionary War
Land Ordinance of 1785
law passed by Congress under The Articles
set up a system for surveying and selling western lands.
The Great Compromise/Connecticut Compromise
proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut
It established a bicameral legislature (2 houses) with a different method of representation in each house
The lower house, the House of Representatives, would be apportioned according to population.
The upper house, the Senate, would have equal representation for each state, with each state having two senators
Electoral College
a group of people appointed by each state who formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States.
Constitution
the people are authority of constitution,
first 3 articles 3 branches:
congress: could collect taxes and regulate foreign and domestic trade.
executive branch: president, commander in chief of the military, had veto power over laws, and appointed judges for life
judicial branch: interprets laws and administers justice according to those interpretations. It consists primarily of courts, including Supreme Court at its apex.
articles 4-7: establish the relationship between the federal government and the states
the rights of citizens
process for amending constitution
procedures for federal and state elections
process for impeaching federal officials
Quasi War
undeclared war fought almost entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800, which broke out during John Adams' presidency