social psych unit 1

Negativity bias

negative info grabs our attention bc our brain interprets it as threat relevant

self schemas

beliefs that define yourself (academic, muslim, etc)

the self

guide for our long term plan for social acceptance

looking glass self

 self esteem and self concept are driven by not other others actually see us but how we imagine other perceive us

sociometer theory of self esteem

self esteem functions as a gauge for social acceptance

illusion of transparency

people overestimate the transparency of their emotions

spotlight effect

people overestimate how much attention is on them

long term planning and social complexity

unique features of humans compared to other animals

self reference effect

memorized adjectives in 4 different conditions - structural (uppercase or lowercase), phonemic (rhyme), semantic (synonnym), self reference (does this describe you) - remembered best for self reference

meta analysis

studies of many studies on the same topic

retrieval practice effect

important to quiz yourself because rereading your notes you think you know more than you actually do

hindsight bias

think answer seems obvious after you know

Naive realism

by default, our brain mistakenly assume that its subjective perception is a perfect representation of objective reality - constant error in our perception of reality

two factor theory of emotion

arousal+cognitive label = emotion

availability heuristic

people overestimate the probability of events that are easily called to mind

bias

the gap between optimal behavior and the behavior resulting from using the heuristic

heuristic

cognitive shortcut; rule of thumb

base rate neglect

the tendency to neglect base rate info when making probabilistic judgements

representativeness heuristic

overestimating the likelihood of a specific outcome because it seems like a representative or typical outcome - underlying mechanism of stereotyping

evolutionary mismatch

our cognitive-behavioral instincts evolved to optimize survival of nomadic lifestyle, these instincts are not always optimal for survival of new lifestyles

normative behavior

behaviors that align with the group majority

cyberball study

participants brain activation seen in fMRI looked similar when they were excluded as to when they felt physical pain - survival instinct to be included in tribe

prosocial behavior, exercise, achievement, expressing gratitude

evolved behaviors to make people like you

upward social comparison

comparing yourself to people who are doing better - feels bad

social norms

unwritten rules that govern which behaviors are typical and acceptable

informative social influence

conformity because you assume others knw more than you

normative social influence

conformity with the goal of being liked or accepted

conformity

changing ones behavior or beliefs to match those of others

fundamental attribution error

when explaining others behavir (but not our own) people tend to underestimate the influence of the situation and overestimate the influence of personality

dispositional attribution

attributing a behavior to the actors disposition (dan tip over coffee because he is dumb)

situational attribution

attributing a behavior to the power of the situation (dan tip over coffee bc table is bad)

attribution

when we explain behavior, we make attributions to the causes of behavior

social psychology

scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

downward social comparison

comparing yourself to people who are doing worse - feels good

theory of natural selection

traits that promote survival and reproduction are more likely to be selected/passed on to future generations

prosocial, antisocial

hamlin, wynn, and bloom - babies preferred _____characters and aversions to the ______character that pushed ball down the hill

automatic egotism

if its like me or related to me, its good. If its unlike or unrelated to me, its bad

risky

ariely and loewenstein - sexual arousal leads to ___ decision making

blindness

most et al - the prescence of sexually charged stimuli causes temporary___ to other task related stimuli

endowment effects

you think an item that belongs to you is worth more because it is yours - ie depop, mug, lotto tickets

illusion of control

the cognitive bias where people think they can influence random or uncontrollable events.

emotional contagion

happy people in your social network means happiness for you

mirror neurons

make you feel the same feels of the person you are observing, also helps you learn behavior

law of effect

actions that result in positive feelings are likely to be repeated

more pleasurable

Bushman, moeller, and crocker - in one study, college students rated receiving a boost to their self-esteem (e.g., receive a compliment; get a good grade) as _____ __________than eating their favorite food, drinking their favorite drink, seeing their best friend, receiving a paycheck, or engaging in their favorite sexual activity

illusion of transparency

savitsky and gilovich nervous about being nervous - speakers though they appeared more nervous than than actually were, but were more relaxed when they were told about _______

self handicapping

when people protect self esteem by creating circumstances where success would be incredibly difficult

self handicap

activil/pandocrin - partiicpants who were told they did well (false sucess) were more likely to _____ _______

50

participants thought __% of people noticed their barry shirt, while only 23% did in Cool barry Manilow t shirt gilovich experiment

hunger, irritation

Confusing ___ for ____ maccormick and lindquist - ow irritated or upset do you feel by this scenario - Participants who were hungry but NOT made aware of it were more likely to blame their irritation on whatever they were currently looking at

shaky bridge

love bridge - participants more likely to ask hot assitant on date on ____ bc two factor

confederate

two factor vitamin - Participants who were given epinephrine but NOT accurately forewarned of its effects felt aroused, and their arousal took the form of the emotional state of the ______

democrats

Cohen support principles or tie colors - liberals general support generous welfare policy, which changes when told stringent policy was “generally supported by ______

observer’s

Kahan et al interpreting a protest outside… - half observers were told its  protest outside abortion clinic, half told it was a protest against military recruitment center - protest was peaceful when it supported the _______views

more

Princeton dartmouth game (hastorf and cantril) - during highlight reel, princeton students counted _____infractions by dartmouth than dartmouth did

intelligent

Ross, amabile, and steinmetz - game show where random questioner and contestant, questionnaire seems more ______ even though it was random assignment - fundamental attribution error

social neuroscience

An interdisciplinary field that explores the neural bases of social and emotional processes and behaviors, and how these processes and behaviors affect our brain and biology.

theory

An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.

framing

The way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and expressed opinions.

mundane realism

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.

experimental realism

Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.

demand characteristics

Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.

self concept

What we know and believe about ourselves.

neocortex

Social group size is correlated with relative size of ___

self enhancement or self-serving bias

the constant, universal human tendency to interpret reality in a way that makes us feel better about ourselves and our actions

mnemic neglect

autobiographical memories are more likely to be retained and recalled if they are consistent with a self-concept

self serving attributions

we make dispositional attributions for our victories, we make situational attributions for our losses

bias blindspot

people deny their self serving bias but acknowledge others

false consensus effect

people tend to overestimate the percent of others that agree with their opinions (and frequency that others engage in our bad behaviors)

false uniqueness effect

we underestimate the rareness of our talents and successes

21.7, 72.8

____ of doctors admitted that receiving gifts from pharma reps could influence their prescribing decisions, ___ believed that other doctors would be influenced by such gifts

dunning kruger effect

 the lower 25% group showed the largest discrepancy between perceived and actual peformance

above average effects

tendency to rate oneself as better than the median peer across traits, skills, and outcomes

illusion of control

Langer - participants flipped a coin and tried to predict the outcome - 40% believe their performance would improve if they had more time to practice, showing ______

illusion of control

Plous - participants rolled a dice, and if they needed a high number, they threw the dice harder, shows ____

optimistic bias

the common mental tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate the likelihood of negative events happening to us compared to others

pleasure centers

when people talk about themselves, it activates the____ of their brain; participants choose to talk about themselves even when they could earn money talking about other topics

high

narcissists and bullies usually have ___ self esteem

detrimental persistence

persisting even when you should give up

planning fallacy

people habitually underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

affective forecasting

predicting how we feel - we are bad at it

present bias

 people let their current emotional state over influence their predictions about how they will feel in the future

overestimated

In a daily-diary study, on days when participants were ina particularly good (or bad)mood, they _____how well (or poorly) their partner would treated them the next day - present bias

without

participants more satisfied w choice of poster/ relationship when they could pick/rate ____analyzing why they like/disklike the options

defensive pessimism

The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action

self-presentation

The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals.

self monitoring

Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression.