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What was the first modern police force recognized and established in 1829?
The London Metropolitan Police, created by Robert Peel.
Who is referred to as the 'father' of modern policing?
Robert Peel.
During which time period did the 'Political Era' of American policing take place?
1830s to 1900.
What major innovation did Robert Peel introduce in policing?
Crime prevention as a mission.
What were the three important institutions in colonial law enforcement?
The sheriff, the constable, and the watch.
What issue characterized police departments during the Political Era?
Lack of personnel standards and widespread corruption.
Who was August Vollmer and what did he contribute to policing?
He is known as the father of American police professionalism and emphasized the reform agenda.
What was the main focus of the Professional Era (1900-1960) in American policing?
Police professionalization and the establishment of higher personnel standards.
What communication technology changed patrol methods in policing during the early 20th century?
The patrol car and two-way radio.
What role did the Wickersham Commission play in the 1930s?
It studied issues within the American criminal justice system.
What are some criticisms of the quasi-military style of police organization?
It cultivates an 'us versus them' attitude and can lower officer morale.
How did the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment impact policing strategies?
It showed that different patrol strategies affected crime rates and police response times.
What is community policing?
A strategy that emphasizes collaboration between police and communities to prevent crime.
What significant reforms happened in policing due to the events in Ferguson?
Increased scrutiny of police practices and heightened awareness of racial disparities in policing.
What does the term 'civilianization' refer to in law enforcement?
The process of replacing sworn officers with civilian personnel for certain roles.
What is the significance of the Miranda decision in policing?
It established the requirement for officers to inform suspects of their rights during arrest.
What are the primary goals of a police department?
To maintain public order, enforce laws, prevent crime, and serve the community.
