DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

What is the function of the pancreas?

ReleaseHCO3

Which type of enzyme is required for chemical digestion of lipids?

Lipase

Where is bile made?

Liver

Which is NOT a function of the stomach?

Absorption of carbohydrates

Which hormone increases hunger?

Ghrelin

The function of the hepatic portal vein is to:

carry absorbed nutrients from the gut to the liver for metabolic processing or storage

What are the chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown called?

Digestion

The splitting of large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules is known as: 

Chemical digestiom

Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile?

Cholecystokonin

Where is the chyme created?

Stomach

In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach:

Initiates protein digestion and denatured proteins

Peristaltic waves are

waves of contractions that propel contents from one point to another

You have just eaten a meal of complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

Amylase

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes would be responsible?

Lipase

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B12

The final portion of the small intestine is known as the:

Ileum

The process of breaking down large complex molecules to simpler molecules is known as:

Catabolism

What is the name of the fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsifying agents and phospholipids?

Bile

When proteins are subjected to deamination, the resulting waste product, excreted in the urine, is usually:

Urea

The best definition of the the term metabolism is:

biochemical reactions involved in building cellular molecules or breaking down molecules

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the:

Mouth

Which of these descriptions best matches the function of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)?

Causes the gall bladder to contract

Which of these descriptions best matches the function of the hormone secretin?

stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid

Which part of the small intestine is most likely to develop an ulcer?

Duodenum

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called:

Metabolism

The hormone that stimulates secretion from and contraction of the stomach is

Gastrin

Which cellular organelle is responsible for producing most of the energy needed by a typical cell?

Mitochondria

Which of the following mechanically digests food?

Stomach

Which organ is responsible for removing water from and compacting indigestible materials?

Large intestime

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract has water absorption as its primary responsibility?

Large intestine

Products of fat digestion are transported away from the gastrointestinal tract by:

Lymphatic vessels

The enzyme amylase digests

Polysaccharides

Intestinal villi:

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine to maximise absorption.

Lacteal

Carry absorbed fats to the lymphatic system

Bile is stored in the

Gallbladder

Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except

Absorption of ingested triglycerides

Functions of the stomach include all of the following, except

Peristalsis

Anabolism includes reactions in which:

larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Catabolism would be best described as a process that :

Breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

Severe damage of the liver would result in disrupted digestion of

lipids, because the liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats for digestion.

A patient who has had a large part of his stomach surgically removed develops a serious vitamin deficiency as a result. Which vitamin is likely to be deficient?

Vitamin B12

A condition known as short bowel syndrome occurs if a person has lost too much of their small intestine due to surgery or some other cause. What would be the most likely result of having a small intestine that is too short?

Failure to absorb nutrients

Blockage of the pancreatic duct can sometimes lead to activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen in the pancreas. What would the result of this activation be?

Trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are proteases, would start to digest the pancreas itself, causing pancreatitis.

Brian the body builder is on a high-protein diet to help him build muscle. He takes more than the recommended amount of protein each day, to increase his protein stores. What will happen to this protein?

It will be digested into amino acids, absorbed and then used for protein synthesis. Excess will be converted into glucose or fat and the nitrogenous component excreted in the urine.

Gladys just had her gall bladder removed. This will mean her system will now be less able to:

Emulsify lipids

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

It contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

Glenda is always trying out new diets in order to lose weight. This time, she tells you that she has decided to starve herself by cutting her intake of calories dramatically, and, to make sure she doesn't faint, to reduce her level of activity at the same time. She tells you that she thinks this will give her rapid weight loss. What is the most likely result of Glenda's proposed regime? 

The extreme reduction in food intake and the reduction in activity will both reduce her metabolic rate, making it harder for her to lose weight.

Which nutrients yield the most energy per gram when metabolised?

Fats

Leptin is a substance that is released by fat stores in the body, and has an effect on appetite as fat stores increase. What effect would leptin therefore have on eating?

It would decrease the amount the person eats 

Ellen has advanced liver disease. Her liver function is almost zero. Which of the following activities would be most affected?

her ability to synthesise and store glycogen

Gastrin is a digestive hormone that stimulates acid secretion in the stomach. Gastrin release is stimulated by the:

presence of food in the stomach, parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, sight & smell of food

Linda the supermodel is permanently on a diet. She loves to eat her favourite diet mints, though, and gets through several packets a day. The sweetener in the mints is a non-absorbable sugar. She has noticed that when she eats lots of mints she gets diarrhoea. What is the most likely reason for this? 

The sugar, since it is not absorbed, stays in the gut and ends up in the large intestine, where the osmotic pressure reduces water absorption and makes her stools runny.

Peter has been diagnosed with an ulcer in his jejunum. This is unusual because:

the jejunum is unlikely to be exposed to gastric acid

A patient has a gallstone which is blocking the opening of the duct into the duodenum. One of the symptoms she is experiencing, along with the pain, is failure to absorb nutrients. Given the location of the stone, which of the following functions will be disrupted?

• Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates will not occur because amylase will not be able to reach the duodenum from the pancreas

• Digestion and absorption of fats will not occur because bile will be unable to reach the duodenum

• Complete digestion and absorption of proteins will not occur because trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen will not be able to reach the duodenum from the pancreas

Quentin Van Hoogle was diagnosed as a child with a severe enterokinase deficiency. Based on what you know about this enzyme class, which of the following effects would be the final result of this deficiency?

Diarrhoea and oedema due to poor protein absorption