Chapter 11 - Alkanes & Cycloalkanes

Hydrocarbons

compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen

Saturated Hydrocarbon

contains only single bonds

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

contains double and triple bonds

Cycloalkanes

saturated hydrocarbon; carbon atoms arranged in a ring

Alkanes

sources natural gas (mostly methane) and Petroleum (mostly hydrocarbons)

Branching

a branch of carbon is connected to the straight chain of carbons

Constitutional Isomers

compounds w/same molecular formula, but different structural formulas

Nomenclature

Naming Alkanes

Naming Rule #1

count # of carbons, use prefix to show # of carbons plus the ending “ane”

Naming Rule #2

For Branched Alkanes: find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and assign a parent name

Naming Rule #3

Find groups that are not part of the parent chain (alkyl group) and name as prefixes

Naming Rule #4

Assign numbers by counting from 1 end of the chain (chain has 2 ends). Use the end of the chain that gives the lowest possible # for the groups

Naming Rule #5

If 2 or more identical groups, we use Greek prefixes (2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta)

Naming Rule #6

If there are 2 or more different groups, we put all in names of children alphabetical order (don’t include di, or tri when alphabetizing)

Haloalkanes

contain carbon and halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I)

Cycloalkanes

single bonded carbon atoms are connected in a ring (parent)

Haloalkane Naming Rule #8

The halogens are named by their own following prefixes and All other rules are the same

Linge-angle drawings

Angles represent C, lines represent single bonds, hydrogens not shown

Cycloalkane Naming Rule #8

Count # of carbons in ring and prefix name with “cyclo”