Definitions

What is pleural empyema?

Collection of pus in the pleural cavity

What is pleural effusion?

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

What is dyspnoea?

Shortness of breath

What is tachycardia?

Fast beating heart

What is hypotension?

Low blood pressure

What is pulmonary embolism?

Embolic occlusion of the pulmonary artery

What is embolic occlusion?

Blood clot travels through the blood to another part of the body

What is haemoptysis?

Coughing up blood

What is an embolectomy?

Removal of blood clot or foreign body

What is emphysema?

Destruction of the alveolar walls

What is chronic bronchitis?

Productive cough

What is pulmonary emphysema?

Permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the bronchioles

Destruction of the alveolar walls

What is asbestosis?

Fibrotic lung disease due to high levels of asbestos fibre inhalation

What is mesothelioma?

Advanced fibrotic lung disease

What is spinal stenosis?

Narrowing of the spinal canal

What is spondylolisthesis?

Slippage of vertebra

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Inflammation of joints and ligaments of the spine

What is a ‘bamboo spine’ pathology?

Fusion of vertebral bodies due to calcifications in ligaments

What is craniosynostos?

Premature closure of cranial sutures, making the skull change shape

What is a paranasal sinus mucocele?

Mucus filled cyst

What is sinonasal polyposis?

Benign mucosal growths

What is ankylosis?

Fusion of mandibular condyle to the base of the skull

What is a radicular cyst?

Cysts associated with roots of necrotic teeth

What is a dentigerous cyst?

Cysts associated with the crown of developing or unerupted teeth

What is an odontogenic keratosis?

Jaw cyst

Presents as radiolucency

What is an odontoma?

Dental tumour composed of dental tissue

What is an ameloblastoma?

Jaw tumour

Radiological soap bubble signs

What is a squamous cell carcinoma?

Malignant jaw tumour causing bone erosion

What are periodontal diseases?

Gum disease caused by infection and inflammation

Presents as bone loss signs

What are dental abscesses?

Infection spreading through root canal to tooth pulp

What is osteomyelitis?

Infection spreading from the tooth to the bone

What is hypoxia?

Oxygen deficiency

What is ischemia?

Reduced blood supply

What is hypertrophy?

Enlargement of cells, resulting in enlargement of organ

What is hyperplasia?

Increase in number of cells

What is atrophy?

Reduced size of an organ and number of organ cells

What is metaplasia?

Adult cell type replaced by another adult cell type

What is inflammation?

Protective response bringing defence cells to eliminate offending agents

What are haemodynamic disorders?

Conditions affecting blood flow that lead to cellular damage

What is hyperaemia?

Increase in blood flow

What is congestion?

Impaired outflow of venous blood

What is oedema?

Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues

What is lymphatic obstruction?

Obstruction of resorption of interstitial space fluid

What is a haemorrhage?

Extravasation of blood from vessels

What is a haemotoma?

Accumulation of blood from a vessel in a tissue

What is haemostasis?

Mechanism leading to cessation of bleeding from a vessel

What is thrombosis?

Formation of a blood clot within a vessel, blocking blood flow

What is an embolism?

Mobile blood clot or foreign body carried by the blood

What is an infarction?

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of vascular supply

What is shock?

Inadequate tissue perfusion causing cellular and organ disfunction

What is cardiogenic shock?

Failure in heart pumping

What is hypovolemic shock?

Inadequate blood or plasma volume

What is septic shock?

Peripheral vasodilation and pooling of blood