water/carbohydrates

properties of water

• polar

• cohesion and adhesion

• regulates temperature

• density

• universal solvent

• acids/bases

• good lubricant

structure of water

2 hydrogen atoms form polar covalent bonds with 1 oxygen atom

electronegativity of oxygen

more electronegative, has partial negative charge

electronegativity of hydrogen

partial positive charge

bond angle of water

104.5, bent

hydrogen bonds

hold water together through cohesion

cohesion

molecules attracted to molecules of same substance

adhesion

molecules attracted to molecules of other substances

surface tension

amount of force needed to break surface of liquid

why does water have high surface tension

hydrogen bonds resist breaking

what does water do for temperature

stabilizes climate and body temperature

water density

liquid is denser than solid

why is ice floating important

allows animals to live through winter, makes transitions between seasons more gradual

solute

substance that gets dissolved

solvent

substance that does the dissolving

hydrophilic

likes water

hydrophobic

hates water

dissociation of water

hydrogen atom shifts from one molecule to another

products of dissociation of water

H3O+ and OH-

dissociation of water reaction

2H2O = H3O+ + OH-

acid

substance that increases hydrogen/hydronium concentration in solution

base

substance that increases hydroxide concentration in solution

what does pH measure

acidity

pH range of most biological fluids

6-8

what biological fluids are outside normal range

stomach acid (2), bile (9-10)

what scale does pH scale go up by

tenfold

buffer

substance that prevents large sudden changes in pH

how do buffers work

accept H+ when too acidic and donating H+ when too basic

buffer reaction when too acidic

HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3-

buffer reaction when too basic

HCO3 = CO32- + H+

water as lubricant

serves as lubricant in biological processes

carbo

carbon

hydrate

water (H2O)

sugar formula

CnH2nOn

5 carbon sugar

pentose

6 carbon sugar

hexose

glucose formula

C6H12O6

isomer

compounds with same atoms but arranged differently

monosaccharides

simple sugars with one subunit

monosaccharide examples

glucose, fructose, galactose, pentose, ribose, deoxyribose, hexose

disaccharides

2 subunits

disaccharide examples

sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccharides

many subunits

polysaccharide examples

glycogen, starch, cellulose, amylose

sucrose components

glucose, fructose

lactose components

galactose, glucose

maltose components

glucose, glucose

glycogen

• energy storage in animals

• branched chain of a-glucose

starch

• energy storage in plants

• chain of a-glucose

cellulose

• cell wall of plants

• chain of b-glucose

• more for structural support

• CH2OH group alternates up and down

a-glucose

CH2OH group on carbon 5 different direction than OH on carbon 1

b-glucose

CH2OH group on carbon 5 in same direction as OH on carbon 1

condensation/dehydration synthesis

removes water to connect smaller molecules together

hydrolysis

breaks down large molecules by adding water