water/carbohydrates

properties of water

• polar

• cohesion and adhesion

• regulates temperature

• density

• universal solvent

• acids/bases

• good lubricant

structure of water

2 hydrogen atoms form polar covalent bonds with 1 oxygen atom

electronegativity of oxygen

more electronegative, has partial negative charge

electronegativity of hydrogen

partial positive charge

bond angle of water

104.5, bent

hydrogen bonds

hold water together through cohesion

cohesion

molecules attracted to molecules of same substance

adhesion

molecules attracted to molecules of other substances

surface tension

amount of force needed to break surface of liquid

why does water have high surface tension

hydrogen bonds resist breaking

what does water do for temperature

stabilizes climate and body temperature

water density

liquid is denser than solid

why is ice floating important

allows animals to live through winter, makes transitions between seasons more gradual

solute

substance that gets dissolved

solvent

substance that does the dissolving

hydrophilic

likes water

hydrophobic

hates water

dissociation of water

hydrogen atom shifts from one molecule to another

products of dissociation of water

H3O+ and OH-

dissociation of water reaction

2H2O = H3O+ + OH-

acid

substance that increases hydrogen/hydronium concentration in solution

base

substance that increases hydroxide concentration in solution

what does pH measure

acidity

pH range of most biological fluids

6-8

what biological fluids are outside normal range

stomach acid (2), bile (9-10)

what scale does pH scale go up by

tenfold

buffer

substance that prevents large sudden changes in pH

how do buffers work

accept H+ when too acidic and donating H+ when too basic

buffer reaction when too acidic

HCO3- + H+ = H2CO3-

buffer reaction when too basic

HCO3 = CO32- + H+

water as lubricant

serves as lubricant in biological processes

carbo

carbon

hydrate

water (H2O)

sugar formula

CnH2nOn

5 carbon sugar

pentose

6 carbon sugar

hexose

glucose formula

C6H12O6

isomer

compounds with same atoms but arranged differently

monosaccharides

simple sugars with one subunit

monosaccharide examples

glucose, fructose, galactose, pentose, ribose, deoxyribose, hexose

disaccharides

2 subunits

disaccharide examples

sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccharides

many subunits

polysaccharide examples

glycogen, starch, cellulose, amylose

sucrose components

glucose, fructose

lactose components

galactose, glucose

maltose components

glucose, glucose

glycogen

• energy storage in animals

• branched chain of a-glucose

starch

• energy storage in plants

• chain of a-glucose

cellulose

• cell wall of plants

• chain of b-glucose

• more for structural support

• CH2OH group alternates up and down

a-glucose

CH2OH group on carbon 5 different direction than OH on carbon 1

b-glucose

CH2OH group on carbon 5 in same direction as OH on carbon 1

condensation/dehydration synthesis

removes water to connect smaller molecules together

hydrolysis

breaks down large molecules by adding water

lipids with fatty acids

waxes, triglycerides, phospholipids

lipids without fatty acids

cholesterol

traits of fatty acids

• long chain carboxylic acids

• insoluble in water

• immiscible

• 12-18 carbons

• some have double bonds

mixing

does not split up into ions

dissolving

does split into ions

fats vs carbs

fats are long term storage, carbs are short term storage

saturated fats

only single bonds between carbon atoms

traits of saturated fats

• strong attraction between chains

• high melting points

• solid at room temp

examples of saturated fats

butter, animal fat, shortening, coconut oil

unsaturated fats

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

traits of unsaturated fats

• few interactions between chains

• lower melting points

• liquid at room temp

examples of unsaturated fats

vegetable oil, fish oil, olive oil

triglycerides

neutral fats

components of triglycerides

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

how are triglycerides made

3 dehydration synthesis reactions produce ester bonds

phospholipids components

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, polar group (PO4)

what do phospholipids do

part of cell membranes

hydrogenation

unsaturated compounds react with H2, turn double bonds to single bonds

cholesterol

steroid lipid produced by liver

what does cholesterol do

• gives cells structure

• helps metabolize fat soluble vitamins

• insulates nerve fibers

• involved in sex hormones and adrenal gland hormones

LDL

carries cholesterol from liver to cells, can be harmful

HDL

carries cholesterol from cell to liver, is good

saturated fats

raise total and LDL

trans fats

raise total and LDL, lower HDL

monounsaturated fats

lower LDL, maintain HDL

polyunsaturated fats

lower LDL, too much lowers HDL

essential fatty acids

omega 3, omega 6

protein components

c, h, n, o, p, s

how is protein made

amino acids linked by dehydration synthesis, produces peptide and h2o

what are proteins used for

structure, transport, enzymes, hormones

polypeptide structure

central carbon, amine group, carboxyl group, one hydrogen, r group

primary protein

has specific amino acid structure determined by DNA

secondary protein

polypeptide chain coils (a helix) or lines up (b sheets)

tertiary protein

cross bonding between R groups to get 3D shape

quaternary protein

multiple polypeptide segments join to make protein

what does protein do

muscles, structural, cell membranes, cell identification, binding site

what does nucleic acid contain

c, h, n, o, p

nucleotides structure

pentose ring, phosphate group

atp

adenosine triphosphate

how many atp produced

28-36

where is dna found

only nucleus

u

uracil, pairs with a

where is RNA found

nucleus and cytoplasm

3 types of rna

tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

purines

2 rings, a and g

pyrimidines

1 ring, t, c, u