biology quiz dec term

gene expression and dna test

nucleic acids are a special group of chemicals concerned with the transmission of what?

inherited information

DNA and RNA are made up of simple repeating units called?

nucleotides

phosphate

links neighboring sugars together by reaching out, connecting the whole nucleotide to the next one in the sequence

sugar

holds the base link and links to the phosphate of adjacent nucleotide between molecules

base

the genetic coding. it carries the genetic information by forming sequences with different bases

dna has what sugar present?

deoxyribose

dna has what bases?

A, C, G and T

dna has how many strands?

2

dnas length in relation to rna is

much longer

rna has what sugar present

ribose

rna has what bases present

A, C, G, and U

rna has how many strands

one

rnas length compared to dna is

shorter

for bases to be able to pair they must?

have the same number of hydrogen bonds

genetic code is responsible for the construction of?

proteins

a polypeptide chain consists of what?

a string of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

one gene codes for one..?

polypeptide chain

transcription unit?

when it takes more than one gene product to create a functional protein

a gene is amde up of?

triplets of DNA nucleotides

to form a functional protein from genetic code it must undergo what 2 processes?

transcription and translation

RNA polymerase

the enzyme that directly controls the process of transcription

coding strand

a strand of mrna that is complementary to the template strand

if triplet on dna it must undergo what to get the rna codon?

first you find its anticodon and then the complementary base pairings of that

if the triplet on the dna is TAC, the RNA codon will be

UAC

the anti codon at the base of each WHAT molecule must make a perfect complimentary match with the codon on the mrna before the amino acid is released

tRNA

nucleotides

the subunits that make up a ribosome are made up of polymers of

pyridimines are

single ringed

purines are

double ringed

Dna is

the master copy and genetic code

dna has 2 strands which are the

template and code strands

a triplet of nucleotides call for what

an amino acid

a series of amino acids codes for

a polypeptide chain

1 polypeptide chain codes for

1 gene

what happens in transcription

dna code is rewritten as the mRNA code off of the template strand

rna is

the equivalent copy of DNA code

mRna has how many strands

1

what is tRNA

anticodon that holds the corresponding amino acid called for by the codon

rRNA (ribsome)

2 subunits, reads mRNA, facilitates recombining with tRNA to build the polypeptide chain

translation is what

using the code to make a polypeptide chain

proteins do what

express trait of organisms

what are the different types of proteins

structural, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic

the gene only starts when

in the areas after and including the start and stop codons, does not include the non coding areas of a dna strand

what holds the 2 strands together in dna

hydrogen bonds

what holds neighboring nucleotides together

covalent bonds

what molecule is used to build the product of transcription

RNA polymerase

what are 3 nucleotides called in dna

triplet

what does the line behind the coding and template strands represent

the backbone made up of sugars and phosphates

nucleotides are what

a subunit of nucleic acids

what is semi conservative replication

how is a base on rna different from a base on dna

rna nucleotides sugars are ribose while dna sugars are deoxyribose

what dna strand is the mrna strand complementary to

template

what are 3 nucleotides in rna

codon

what molecule made up of 2 subunits attaches to mRNA to read it and during which process does this occur?

Rrna ribosomes do this during translation

what happens in a frameshift mutation

when an insertion or deletion shifts the reading frame of triplets

what is a point mutation

change in a single nucleotide which can effect the protein or have no difference

what is a duplication mutation

extra copies of DNA segment

what are the implications gene mutation has on genetic variation

increase diversity,

causes evolutionary innovation,

increases good mutations, decreases harmful mutations,

can sometimes cause genetic disorders or diseases,

diverging species

what shapes characteristics for all living things?

share biochemical (DNA and RNA) features that are encoded for by DNA,

proteins underlying the structure and function of living things because we make proteins the same way and make similar ones,

arrangement of DNA building blocks in a gene specifies the order of amino acids in the protein it codes for

what is evidence that living things evolved from a common ancestral species

similarities among living things suggest relatedness

fossils, embryos, anatomy, DNA sequence

DNA underlies similarity and differences in fossils, anatomy, and embryos

how do differences arise in DNA that lead to differences in characteristics

mutations give rise to variations in genes,

during sexual reproduction allele shuffling generates new allele combinations (independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization)

mutation and allele shuffling increases variation within a population

what is the source of new alleles

since mutations change the nucleotide sequence of a gene which can make new alleles which might code for new and different proteins