Unit 2 Study Guide Sociology

Informal Sanction

A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group

• ex: standing ovation, gossip, frowns

social movement

a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change

• affects values and beliefs

ideology

a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society

internalization

process by which a norm becomes part of one’s behavior patterns/personality/thoughts

• stopping at stop signs, putting a napkin on your lap

Robin Williams

a sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life

Technology

the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment

positive sanction (w/ ex)

a reward for good behavior

• ex: praise from family/teachers, bonuses/pay raises, awards

Diffusion

the process of spreading culture traits from one society to another

• ex: instant communications, TV, radio, and satellite

Multiculturalism

the idea that we all live in a highly diverse society but must still function as society

• encourage diversity and respect all cultural groups

Negative sanction

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

Narcissism

extreme self-centeredness

vested interests

a resistance to any change that threatens a person’s security or standard of living

ethnocentrism

viewing one’s own culture as normal and, oftentimes, superior

• form of bias

James Henslin

sociologist who added to Williams’ theory saying that additional values should be added as core values as well (education, religion, romantic love)

Internalization

process by which a norm becomes part of one’s behavior patterns and personality

• ex: putting your seatbelt on

Work

this traditional american values centers on Discipline, Dedication, and hard work

Technology

this source of social change stems from our desires to have the newest most up to date gadgets and tools

Cultural lag

a delay in cultural change such as the introduction and use of computers

Sanctions

rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

positive sanctions

a reward for good behavior

Freedom

this traditional American value centers on the idea that we all want to be able to do what we want with whoever we want and that we do not want to be controlled by the government

Ethnocentrism

this factor that gets in the way of social change can often lead to segregation as one side believes that they are better than the other side/people

• evaluating another culture based on preconceptions started in one’s own culture

social control

the enforcement of conformity by society upon its members, either by law or by social pressure

Robin Williams

the man who developed the 15 Central American values

negative sanction

a punishment for bad behavior

informal sanction

spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval by an individual or group

• ex: gifts, stink eye, frowns

personal achievement

this traditional American value centers on the idea that we are all in it for ourselves and are driven by competition and individualism

norms

basic or shared rules of social conduct

• tell people how to react in situations

diffusion

this source of social change developed as our need to communicate with others led to the spread of cultural traits

• ex: instant communications

Daniel Yankelovich

the sociologist believed that self-fulfillment is good for a society

Individualism

this traditional American values centers on the idea that success comes thorugh hard work and initiative

Christopher Lasch

this sociologist considered personal fulfillment a disorder and called it Narcissim

Formal Sanction

rewards or punishments by a formal organization

• ex: jail time, awards, promotions