Biology Exam 4 - Circulatory, Cardiovascular, Animal Reproduction

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Biology Exam 4 lecture notes, including circulatory, cardiovascular, animal reproduction and other systems.

Functions of the Circulatory System

Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, and other compounds to cells and tissues and transport waste away from cells and tissues.

Blood

Connective tissue that facilitates transport in the circulatory system.

Plasma

55% of blood volume; 90% water and 10% gases, glucose, hormones, waste, and amino acids.

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid within the cell.

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside the cell; includes blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid between the cells and tissues.

Formed Elements

Cells that make up 45% of blood volume.

Platelets

Cell fragments involved in clotting.

Leukocytes

White blood cells; nucleated, five types with different immune functions.

Neutrophils

First cells into an inflamed area; phagocytes that eat cells.

Lymphocytes

B-cells produced in bone marrow and T-cells produced in the thymus gland; attack viruses and other cells.

Monocytes

Eat cells.

Eosinophils

Limit inflammation and provide protection against parasitic worm infections.

Basophils

Help with inflammation response and regulate blood vessel flow.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells; anucleate in mammals, transport oxygen, produced in red bone marrow with a 120-day lifespan, contain hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin

Molecules per red blood cell that binds to oxygen.

Blood Vessels

Tubes carrying blood lined by epithelium.

Arteries and Arterioles

Carry blood away from the heart; have a thicker smooth muscle layer than veins.

Capillaries

Smallest diameter blood vessels arranged in clusters (beds); thin-walled (one cell thick) for diffusion, secretion, and absorption.

Veins and Venules

Carry blood toward the heart; thinner smooth muscle layer, lower pressure, some with valves to prevent backflow.

Four Chambers

Mammalian heart anatomy with two atria(smaller, thinner walls-upper) and two ventricles(larger, thicker walls-lower).

Right Side of Heart - Pulmonary Circuit

Conducts blood to the lungs for gas exchange and back to the heart.

Left Side of Heart - Systemic Circuit

Conducts blood out to the body and back to the heart.

Atrioventricular Valves

Valves between atria and ventricles.

Semilunar Valves (SV)

Pulmonary semilunar valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery trunk and the aortic semilunar valve between the left ventricle and aortic trunk.

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Remnant of the Sinus Venosus of earlier vertebrates; pacemaker that initiates the heartbeat.

Gas Exchange

Process of moving gases in opposite directions between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells.

Respiratory System

All structures that contribute to gas exchange.

Ventilation

Process of bringing oxygenated water or air into contact with a gas exchange organ.

External Gills

Uncovered extensions from the body surface found in many invertebrates and larval forms of amphibians.

Internal Gills

Gills of fishes with a cover called an operculum; gill arches contain filaments composed of lamellae.

Buccal Pumping

Hydrostatic pressure gradient created by lowering the jaw to suck water in and opening the operculum to draw water through.

Ram Ventilation

Swimming with mouth open.

Countercurrent Exchange of Water and Blood Flow

Maximizes oxygen diffusion into blood and CO2 diffuses out of blood by maintaining a constant gradient.

Cutaneous Respiration

Gas exchange through the skin; requires thin, moist skin with lots of capillaries.

Buccopharyngeal Respiration

Gas exchange through the epithelial lining of the mouth cavity.

Lungs

Organs all air-breathing terrestrial vertebrates use for gas exchange.

Glottis

Opening of trachea (windpipe).

Diaphragm

Large muscular organ separating thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Osmoregulation

Regulation of ions and water balance of body fluids.

Salt

Compound formed from an attraction between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable gradient.

Nitrogenous Wastes

Produced when proteins and nucleic acids are broken down and metabolized; toxic at high concentrations.

Ammonia (NH3) & Ammonium Ions (NH4+)

Most toxic; excreted by animals that live in water.

Urea

Excreted by mammals, most amphibians, most marine fishes, some reptiles, & some terrestrial vertebrates; requires ATP expenditure.

Uric Acid

Less toxic; excreted by birds, insects, and most reptiles; more energetically costly to make from ammonia than urea.

Kidney

Forms urine from blood.

Ureter

Transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder.

Urinary Bladder

Stores urine until voided from the body.

Urethra

Conducts urine from bladder during urination.

Nephron

Urine forming structure; functional unit of the kidney.

Renal Corpuscle

Capillary bed; Bowman's Capsule: surrounding capsule.

Filtration

First Stage of Urine Formation: Glomerulus.

Reabsorption

Second Stage of Urine Formation: Proximal Tubule Bowman's Capsule (Renal Corpuscle).

Secretion

Third Stage of Urine Formation: Distal Tubule.

Glomerulus

Capillary network where blood is filtered.

Bowman's Capsule

Receives GF from the glomerulus

Proximal Tubule

1sts site of tubular reabsorption, 60% of GF volume +nearly allglucose, amino acids, +vitamins are reabsorbed here (outof tubule)

Lower Loop

Metanephric kidneys are most enhanced with the use of this; reabsorption occurs later

Distal Tubule

1sts site of tubular secretion -Movementof substances out of blood into renal tubule -Pushing:ATPexpenditure Maximizeswastesinto tubule

Collecting Duct

More water reabsorption urine formed → Renal Pelvis → Ureter

Anterior Pituitary

Secrete hormones that regulate or act upon other endocrine glands

Hypothalamus

Regulate pituitary hormones

Vasopressin

Acts on kidney to reduce urine flow

Oxytocin

Stimulates contraction ofuterus during birth + the release of milk by mammary glands

Thyroxine

Promotes normal developmentof nervous system

Cortisol

Anti-inflammatory hormone

Aldosterone

Promotes tubular reabsorption of NaCl by nephron

Gastrin

Stimulates secretion of HCI in stomach

Cholecystokinin

Stimulates gallbladdercontraction to increase flow of bile into duodenum & stimulates pancreas to secrete enzymatic juices into duodenum

Asexual Reproduction

Offspring are produced from a single parent + are clones ofthe parent; most common in plants + some animals

Budding

Portion ofparent pinches off to form completely new individual

Regeneration / Fragmentation

Complete organism formed from a fragmentof a parent's body

Fission

Parentdivides mitotically into 2 nearly equalparts

Sexual Reproduction

2 haploid gametes fuse to produce a new individual (cell)

Parthogenesis

Development ofan embryo from an unfertilizedegg

Gametogenesis

Developmental process for gametes begun in mitosis or oogonia, the vertebrate gonads come for the dorsal body wall to lower body trunk

Spermatogenesis

Spermatocytes are produced undergo Meiosis I and II to produce 4 haploid spermatoids, one cell can become 4 gametes 2Nc->Meiosis->1n->1n->1n->1n

Oogenesis

Each primary oocyte (2N) can produce 1 gamete. oocytes develop in follicles in the ovaries & leave during ovulation 2N cellulary meiosis - 1Negg

Fertilization

Haploid egg and sperm fuse to form diploid (ferilized egg 1N+1N=2N

Seminal Vesicles produce

Fructose

Bulbourethral glands produce

Fluid

Prostate gland produces

Fluid

Testosterone Action

Stimulates growth of male reproductive tract + genitalia during development + puberty

Ovaru Function

Production of ovum/egg

Estrogen Effects

Formation & maintenance of reproductive organs

Progesterone Effects

Promotes gestation (pregnancy)

Cleavage

Repeated cell divisions without cell growth

Holoblastic Cleavage

Occurs During Mammals

Gastrulation

Major cell movement occurs

Ectoderm

Outer

Mesodem

Middle

Endoderm

Inner

Archenteron

Formed by the extension ofthe blastopore into the embryo

Presence of Notochord

Defines Phylum Chordata

Neuralation

Embryologicalprocess responsible for initiating CNS

Neural Crest

Unique to vertebrates

Organogenesis Example

Lungs do not function until ater birth