T2 ★ Abbasid Decline + Spread of Islam to S/SE Asia

Turkic Migration

spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 6th and 11th centuries

Seljuk Turks

nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid Caliphs from mid-11th century

Crusades

series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy

Ulama

Islamic clerics; orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking

Sufis

mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia

Southernization

spread of developments that took place in Southern Asia to Europe and elsewhere

Mongols

central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

Chinggis Khan

elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquests of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world

Hulegu

ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad

Mamluks

Turkic slaves; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols and halted Mongol advance

Mahmud of Ghazni/Ghaznavids

third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression

Delhi/Delhi Sultanate

first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1250, bringing Islam to India; controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi

Malacca (Melaka)

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands

Dar-al-Islam

The House of Islam; a term representing the political and religious unity of the various Islamic groups

Al-Andalus/Muslim Iberia

present day Spain; Muslim portion of European world

Arab (Islamic) Agricultural Revolution

the transformation in agriculture from the 8th to the 13th century in the Islamic region of the Old World

Bhaktic Cults/ Bhakti Movement

immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity

Srivijaya

maritime empire that controlled the Strait of Malacca between India and China; grew wealthy from control of sea trade routes