CHEM EXAM 3 {NOTES}

Bacillus & Pseudomonas perform:

anaerobic respiration (via NO₃⁻)

E. coli performs:

alcohol & lactic acid fermentation (heterolactic fermentation)

Enterobacter aerogenes performs:

alcohol & lactic acid fermentation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae performs:

alcohol fermentation

Streptococcus performs:

lactic acid fermentation

Lactobacillus acidophilis performs:

lactic acid fermentation

Micrococcus luteus performs:

aerobic respiration

metabolism:

all chemical reactions within a cell.

energy:

the ability to do work.

catabolism (decomposition):

form of metabolism which breaks down molecules & is energy releasing.

anabolism (synthesis):

form of metabolism which builds molecules & is energy requiring.

metabolic pathways:

sequence of chemical reactions.

label A

apoenzyme

label B

coenzyme

label C

cofactor

holoenzyme (conjugated enzyme):

enzymatic state required to function.

substrate:

any compound that reacts with an enzyme.

active site:

region on enzyme where a substrate binds.

function of catalase:

breaks down H₂O₂

function of amylase:

hydrolysis of starch

endoenzymes:

produced inside cells and function/work inside cells.

constitutive enzymes:

enzymes always present in constant amounts.

regulated enzymes:

enzymes produced only when needed.

label the components

A) substrate B) competitive inhibitor C) enzyme D) active site

label the components

A) substrate B) altered active site C) non-competitive inhibitor D) allosteric site

how does feedback inhibition turn off a metabolic pathway:

when enough end product is needed.

redox reaction diagram

electron & proton carriers

molecules that load/unload electrons and/or protons (H⁺).

label the parts of the ATP molecule

substrate-level phosphorylation:

form of ATP generation whereby inorganic phosphate (Pi) is transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP.

oxidative-phosphorylation:

form if ATP generation whereby electrons are transferred from organic compounds (NAD⁺ or FAD) to electron carriers to O₂.

aerobic respiration equation in bacteria:

𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6+6𝑂2→6𝐶𝑂2+6𝐻2𝑂+38 ATP

glycolysis undergoing bacterial aerobic respiration:

cellular location- cytoplasm

net ATP produced- 2

O₂ required?- no

CO₂ produced- n/a

NADH produced- 2

FADH₂ produced- n/a

“Prep step” undergoing bacterial aerobic respiration:

cellular location- cytoplasm

net ATP produced- 0

O₂ required?- no

CO₂ produced- 2

NADH produced- 2

FADH₂ produced- n/a

Krebs cycle undergoing bacterial aerobic respiration:

cellular location- cytoplasm

net ATP produced- 2

O₂ required?- no

CO₂ produced- 4

NADH produced- 6

FADH₂ produced- 2

electron transport chain undergoing bacterial aerobic respiration:

cellular location- outside cell membrane

net ATP produced- 28

O₂ required?- yes

CO₂ produced- n/a

NADH produced- n/a

FADH₂ produced- n/a