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What are the three categories of amino acids?
Essential, Non-Essential, and Conditional Amino Acids.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Define peptide bonds.
Links that connect amino acids together through a dehydration reaction.
What is a polypeptide?
A molecule made of many amino acids linked together.
Describe the secondary structure of proteins.
Local folding patterns stabilized by hydrogen bonds, forming structures like alpha helices and beta sheets.
What occurs during the denaturation of proteins?
Proteins lose their structure due to external factors, leading to loss of function.
What role do chaperone proteins play in protein folding?
They assist in the proper folding of proteins.
Describe the tertiary structure of proteins.
The overall 3D shape formed by interactions between side chains of amino acids.
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein complex.
What is the significance of the R group in amino acids?
It defines the specific characteristics of each amino acid.
How does sickle cell anemia affect hemoglobin?
A single amino acid substitution causes hemoglobin to aggregate and change the shape of red blood cells.
What are fibrous proteins and give an example.
Proteins that are usually not soluble in water and have structural roles, e.g. collagen.
What is the role of hemoglobin?
An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells.
How are proteins synthesized in cells?
Through a process called translation, facilitated by ribosomes.
What is the function of proteases?
Enzymes that break down polypeptides by hydrolyzing peptide bonds.
What structural bonds are involved in the primary structure of proteins?
Peptide bonds between amino acids.
What are the types of bonds in tertiary structure?
Hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.
What is collagen?
The most common protein in mammals, found in skin and connective tissue.
How many polypeptide chains compose hemoglobin?
Four polypeptide chains.
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