APES Formulas

Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ +6H₂O

Combustion

Hydrocarbons (CxHy) + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Ocean Acidification

CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3

Photochemical Smog Formation

NOx + VOCs + heat + sunlight → smog

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

O₃ + Cl → O₂ + ClO

Population Density

Population / Area

Rule of 70

70/ Growth Rate = Doubling time

Population Growth Rate %

(Births-Deaths)/(# of people) *100

Rate of Change

(Final-Initial)/(Final Time- Initial Time)

% Change

(Final-Initial)/ Initial *100

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

Gross primary productivity GPP - respiration

Gross Primary Productivity

Rate of Photosynthesis

Total Solar energy captured by plants- Energy lost due to respiration by plants

Fuel Efficiency

distance travel / units of fuel used

10% Rule

only 10% of energy travels up trophic levels. The rest is lost in heat.

Dimensional Analysis

Quantity 1 *(Conversion Factor/ Quantity 2)

Half Life

t½ = ln (2)/λ

Lethal Dose 50

Dose/Weight