Music in World Cultures #3

Panoptic

All Seeing

Micromusics

An ethnomusicological term for small units with big music cultures.

Subculture

A group of people who share a common identity and related practices, whether based on ethnicity, religion, language, or generation, that are perceived as distinct from others within a given society.

Superculture

The sphere of musical interaction that involves the power of the state and international industries, and the assumptions and expectations they generate.

Interculture

The sphere of interaction between musical subcultures

Hula

An indigenous Hawaiian dance form associated with native chants, later accompanied by Western instruments for tourists.

Hawaiian Steel Guitar

An electromechanical instrument derived from the guitar, usually placed flat when played, whose characteristic sounds include a pronounced vibrato, slides, and palm harmonics or chimes

Ukulele

A small, four-stringed Hawaiian chordophone that became popular in the twentieth century. The name means “leaping flea” in Hawaiian

Manuel Nunes

Who invented the ukulele?

Somoan Family

4 brothers who moved to Hawaii, married, and became the Royal Samoan Dancers, eventually splitting into separate ensembles

Pulu Moe

Established a trio, where his wife sand, danced the hula, and played the ukulele, while he played steal guitar and performed a Samoan knife dance.

Music

__________ can help draw recreational tourism and stimulate economies.

Soundmark

Music can become a ____________ of a place—think steel bands in the Caribbean, or bag piping in Ireland and Scotland. These can be emphasized to entice travelers

Be more accessible to tourists.

As music acts as a soundmark, traditional music can be reconstructed (simplified or shortened) to do what?

Gamelan

A large Indonesian ensemble consisting mainly of metallophones (struck idiophones made of metal)

Gong kebyar

A type of Balinese gamelan, known particular for its shimmering sound and interlocking parts (kotekan)

Kecak

A 20th century dance drama performed by tourists; the vocal genre is based on a story with the Hindu Ramayana epic that recounts the rescue of Princess Sita from the Demon-King Rawana by her husband Prince Rama and an army of monkeys, in the performance, male performers (army of monkeys) sit around in a circle around a candelabra

The Silk Road (COME BACK TO)

An ancient system of overland trade routes stretching from East Asia to Europe from Japan branching into several routes across China and Inner Asia- then reaching Rome and Venice to Italy;

Yo-yo Ma

Born in 1955 in Paris to Chinese parents and moved to NYC at age 7; firmly rooted and famed as classical cellist; helped develop the silk road (musical terms)

\

Pipa

Chinese plucked lute played in Central Asia

Ehru

Chinese bowed lute

Sheng

Chinese mouth organ made of bamboo pieces

Ostinato

A repeated phrases in music; think of Mars

Madrigal

A sixteenth-century Italian poem set to through-composed music in multiple voices

Text-Painting

The musical technique of composing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song's lyrics or story elements in programmatic music. Something in the text is personified in the music.

Choreology

The study of dance steps, their description, and classification. Others focus on contextual

Labanotation

Developed by Rudolf Laban, this system uses diagrams to describe dance motion in great detail; documents dance steps

Capoeira

A centuries-old Afro-Brazilian performance style that combines elements of martial art, dance, and musical accompaniment. The term also refers to the practitioners of this martial art/dance

Roda

A ring in which a capoeira is performed in where two

competing players (capoeiristas) perform stylized motions

Bateria

The accompaniment of a capoeira orchestra

Berimbau

Three large musical bows in a bateria; they play rhythm patterns called toques

Toques

The rhythm pattern the berimbau plays

Atabaque

A tall cylindrical drum in a bateria

Pandeiro

A frame drum similar to a tambourine

Agogo

An iron gong with two cow bells

Reco-reco

A scraper

Ginga

All capoeira movements are governed by a continuous bodily motion from side to side with a wide-legged stance; also called “the sway”

Bhangra

Tightly choreographed men's group dance from the Punjab region of North India and Pakistan, with pronounced leg and shoulder movements and occasional waving of arms high overhead

Gidha

A form of bhangra that is performed by women and uses handclaps instead of drums

Dhol

A double-headed South Asian membranophone associated with bhangra

Jhumar

Traditional rhythm of the dhol drum as well as common motion in bhangra with both arms and left leg lifted

Chimta

Metal idiophone with discs attached used to accompany bhangra

Bugdu

Single-pitched string instrument used in bhangra.

Algoza

Double-flute used in bhangra

Dholaki

A smaller, variation of the dhol drum that is understood to be the feminine equivalent.

Tango

An Argentinean-derived style of song and dance; originated in the slums of 19th century Buenos Aires, by the indigenous traditions of rural Argentinean guachos (cowboys) and African influences coming together with those of European immigrants.

Accordion

An aerophone with reeds that are hidden within two rectangular headboards connected by folding bellows, with keys or buttons to play a melody and chords.

Compadrito

An urban Argentinian cowboy and underworld figure whose posture and dress influenced the male tango dancer.

Bandoneón

The guitar provided tango accompaniment, but German immigrants to Argentina brought a button accordion called the __________

Habanera

Accompanying instruments often embellish the quadruple beat with a long-short rhythmic pattern; has a Cuban origin

Bebop

A style of jazz developed by young players in the early 40s, favoring small groups. Simple, standard tunes or just their chord progressions were used as springboards for rapid, many-noted improvisations using long, irregular, syncopated phrasing and angular melodies

Big Band

Type of large jazz ensemble popular between the World Wars (the 1930s), playing prepared arrangements to accompany swing dancing in dance halls;

Type of music Big Bands played

Swing: combined stylish, well -executed arrangements with hard-driving jazz rhythms and generally used a popular melody, accompanying a singer, and elaborated the song through harmonically adventurous arrangements

12 Bar Blues

a chord progression in jazz and blues that occupies 12 units of 4 beats.

Mantra

__A__ ritual phrase or formula in Buddhism

Afterbeats

Shorter and softer beats that sound after, but as part of, the main beat in instruments accompanying Tibetan Buddhist chant. You can hear afterbeats throughout in the cymbals—sometimes louder, sometimes softer.

Mandala

A circular symbol in Buddhism and Hinduism representing the universe

Chant

A musical setting of a sacred text or repertoire of such works

Santeria

An afro-Cuban religious and musical practice. The religion derived from religious practices within Yoruba culture; it incorporates Nigerian language and practices that were transplanted to the Caribbean and combined with aspects of Catholicism

Cabildos

Mutual aid societies established by slaves in Cuba that also transmitted Yoruba-derived rituals

Orishas

A saint in the Santeria tradition. They are entities formed through the combination of Catholic saints and West African deities; each is associated with particular herbs and plants, as well as specific dances, music, and drum rhythms.

Santeros

Worshippers of the orishas

Bata Drums

Duble-headed membranophones of different sizes usually played in sets of three (the large and low lya, the middle-sized itotele, and the smallest ikonkolo) in Santeria ceremonies.

Toque (Santeria)

the rhythmic patterns played by the bata drum in Santeria ceremonies and by the berimbau in capoeira

Zema

Ethiopian Christian chant

Zema repertory

The __ ____________is said to have been written and compiled into service books by Saint Yared, a holy man working under divine inspiration in the 6th century.

__Mahlet__

A ritual in the Ethiopian Christian Church that occurs during the night on holidays and is the main context for chant performance

Melekket

The notational signs in Ethiopian Christian Chant, derived from Ge’ez language characters, each representing a short melody. It can refer to one sign or to the entire notational system

Debtaras

Ethiopian Christian Church musicians

Kebaro

Ethiopian double-headed conical membranophone. The_________ comes from the Ethiopian Christian church and can be played alone or together with different drums.

Sistra

Ethiopian metal idiophones whose sounding parts strike together when shaken