A&P II FINAL EXAM STUDY

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular __________.

a. ions

b. deactivators

c. second messengers

d. nucleotides

c. second messengers

Chemical Substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ___________.

a. proteins

b. antibodies

c. hormones

d. enzymes

c. hormones

The master gland of the endocrine system is the_________.

a. endocrine

b. pituitary

c. adrenal

d. thyroid

b. pituitary

The secretion of hormones in response to changing blood levels of ions is known as _____.

a. neural stimulus

b. hormonal stimulus

c. humoral stimulus

d. ionic stimulus

c. humoral stimulus

The hormone that has the greatest effect on the metabolic rate is _____________.

a. growth hormone

b. aldosterone

c. thyroid

d. cortisol

c. thyroid

When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas releases ________.

a. insulin

b. melatonin

c. glucose

d. glucagon

d. glucagon

When parathyroid hormone is released

a. blood calcium levels fall

b. osteoclasts are activated

c. calcitonin is inhibited

d. calcium channels are blocked

b. osteoclasts are activated

The cells with the most receptors for growth hormones are

a. liver

b. nerves

c. bones

d. blood vessels

c. bones

Steroid hormones influence other cells by

a. activating cyclic AMP

b. entering the nucleus of the cell and altering the expression of the gene

c. binding specific receptors and activating G proteins

d. stimulating the uptake of glucose

b. entering the nucleus of the cell and altering the expression of the gene

The major plasma protein is

a. thrombin

b. albumin

c. fibrin

d. fibrinogen

b. albumin

This type of leukocyte produces antibodies

a. neutrophil

b. eosinophil

c. monocyte

d. lymphocyte

d. lymphocyte

Which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis

a. synthesis of hemoglobin

b. production of vacuoles

c. ejection of the erythrocyte nucleus

d. production of ribosomes

b. production of vacuoles

Red blood cells contain ___% hemoglobin

a. 50

b. 82

c. 97

d. 100

c. 97

Which of the following is not a function of blood

a. controlling endocrine glands

b. transporting oxygen

c. distributing heat

d. producing antibodies

a. controlling endocrine glands

What organ in the body regulates erythropoeisis?

a. brain

b. kidney

c. pancreas

d. liver

b. kidney

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis?

a. vascular spasm

b. fibrinolysis

c. coagulation

d. platelet plug formation

b. fibrinolysis

The first phase of erythrocyte production is

a. hemoglobin synthesis

b. ejection of the nucleus

c. ribosome synthesis

d. reticulocyte formation

c. ribosome synthesis

All blood cells develop from

a. hemocytoblasts

b. ejection of the nucleus

c. myeloid stem cells

d. lymphoid stem cells

a. hemocytoblasts

Which of the following cells could develop from a lymphoid stem cell?

a. lymphocyte

b. erythrocyte

c. monocyte

d. any blood cell

a. lymphocyte

The life span of a red blood cell is about

a. 4 days

b. 4 weeks

c. 4 months

d. 4 years

c. 4 months

After hemoglobin is broken down, what part of it enters the liver and becomes bile, which helps us digest food?

a. globin

b. bilirubin

c. heme

d. ferritin

b. bilirubin

Which of the following structural characteristics contribute to the function of red blood cells

a. bi-concave shape

b. they contain mostly hemoglobin

c. spectrin in their plasma membrane

d. all of the above

d. all of the above

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________.

a. the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart

b. the heart rate would increase

c. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate

d. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract

b. the heart rate would increase

the critical factor controlling stroke volume is

a. preload

b. afterload

c. contractility

d. sympathetic stimulation

a. preload

Isovolumetric contraction ________.

a. occurs only in people with heart valve defects

b. occurs while the AV valves are open

c. occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close

d. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

d. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

The most important factor in the regulation of the heart rate is

a. acidosis

b. autonomic nervous system stimulation

c. stroke volume

d. extracellular calcium levels

b. autonomic nervous system stimulation

Which of the following is not a difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle?

a. cardiac muscle has a longer refractory period

b. cardiac muscle exhibits automaticity

c. cardiac muscle has striations

d. cardiac muscle has gap junctions

c. cardiac muscle has striations

Cardiac muscle cells use _____ ions for the plateau phase of the action potential.

a. calcium

b. potassium

c. sodium

d. chloride

a. calcium

Pressure in the ventricles is greatest when

a. they are filling

b. they are relaxed

c. they are in diastole

d. they are in systole

d. they are in systole

During ventricular systole, AV valves close because

a. atrial pressure decreases

b. atrial pressure increases

c. ventricular pressure decreases

d. ventricular pressure increases

d. ventricular pressure increases

Blood flow would be increased by

a. decreasing vessel diameter

b. increasing blood vessel length

c. increasing cardiac output

d. decreasing blood pressure

c. increasing cardiac output

Fluids would be likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if:

a. osmotic pressure in the capillary is high

b. net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure

c. net hydrostatic pressure is less than net osmotic pressure

d. net filtration pressure is negative

b. net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure

The resistance that has the most effect on blood pressure is from

a. length of blood vessels

b. diameter of blood vessels

c. viscosity of blood

d. none of these

b. diameter of blood vessels

Blood flow through the tissues is responsible for

a. urine formation

b. removal of wastes from tissue cells

c. gas exchange in the lungs

d. all of these

d. all of these

Which type of blood vessel has the most elastic tissue?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

d. venules

a. arteries

True/False: Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.

False

The two intrinsic defense systems have many components. Which of the following cell types is not a contributor to specific immunity

a. natural killer cells

b. plasma cells

c. t-cells

d. b-cells

a. natural killer cells

Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?

a. redness

b. fever

c. swelling

d. pain

b. fever

Most pathogens that try to enter your body

a. are stopped by surface barriers

b. are killed by the humoral immune response

c. cause inflammation

d. are killed by antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

a. are stopped by surface barriers

Saliva and lacrimal fluids contain this enzyme that destroys bacteria.

a. Salivase

b. Trypsin

c. Amylase

d. Lysozome

d. Lysozome

Intrapleural pressure is always

a. higher than atmospheric

b. higher than intrapulmonary

c. negative

d. A and C

c. negative

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2and dispose of CO2?

a. external respiration

b. internal respiration

c. blood pH adjustment

d. pulmonary ventilation

c. blood pH adjustment

__ are substances that can trigger the adaptive defense and provoke an immune response.

a. interleukins

b. antibodies

c. haptens

d. antigens

d. antigens

Which of the following are functions of the larynx?

a. speech production

b. airway

c. switching mechanism

d. all of these

d. all of these

When T-cells mature, negative selection:

a. eliminates cells that are strongly anti-self

b. eliminates cells that are self-tolerant

c. eliminates cells that should have stayed in bone marrow

d. eliminates cells that secrete antibodies

a. eliminates cells that are strongly anti-self

The only T-cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are__________.

a. regulatory cells

b. cytotoxic cells

c. plasma cells

d. helper cells

b. cytotoxic cells

The cell-mediated immune response is important because antibodies:

a. cannot recognize cells infected with viruses

b. cannot recognize viruses

c. are produced very slowly

d. only work once

a. cannot recognize cells infected with viruses

Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?

a. a secondary immune response produces fewer antibodies than a primary immune response

b. a secondary immune response is started by naive lymphocytes while a primary immune response is started by memory cells

c. a secondary immune response does not last as long as a primary immune response

d. a secondary immune response is faster than a primary immune response

d. a secondary immune response is faster than a primary immune response

During normal inspiration

a. intrapolmonary volume increases

b. the diaphram is relaxed

c. intrapolmonary pressure increases

d. intrapolmonary volume decreases

a. intrapolmonary volume increases

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the inflammatory response?

a. prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue

b. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

c. sets the stage for repair processes

d. disposes of cellular debris and pathogens

b. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following is not true about antibodies?

a. they have complement binding sites

b. they directly destroy pathogens

c. they neutralize pathoens

d. they cause agglutination

b. they directly destroy pathogens

One reason we can hold our breath for a long time is:

a. excess carbon dioxide can be converted to bicarbonate and excreted by the kidneys

b. hemoglobin can be saturated in .25 seconds

c. hemoglobin unloads only about 25% of its oxygen in 1 trip through the systemic circulation

d. our body can resist changes in blood pH

c. hemoglobin unloads only about 25% of its oxygen in 1 trip through the systemic circulation

When phagocytes leave the capillary wall it is called

a. diapedesis

b. leukocytosis

c. chemotaxis

d. margination

a. diapedesis

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by

a. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

b. humidifying the air before it enters

c. warming the air before it enters

d. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

a. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which of the following are true about natural killer cells?

a. all of these

b. they are nonspecific

c. they enhance the inflammatory response

d. they release perforins

a. all of these

What percent of carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin in the blood?

a. 20

b. 10

c. 97

d. 70

a. 20

Air moves into the lungs because:

a. the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower that the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts

b. the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration

c. contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity

d. the internal intercostal muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume

a. the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower that the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

a. booster shot

b. infusion of weakened viruses

c. passage of antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

d. long-term immune protection

c. passage of antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following would increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

a. decreased temperature

b. increased temperature

c. increased BPG concentration

d. decreased pH

a. decreased temperature

When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling it is an indication that:

a. antigens are present

b. fever is developing

c. an immune response is underway

d. inflammation is occurring

d. inflammation is occurring

Which of the following is not true about monoclonal antibodies?

a. they are used in research and clinical testing

b. they help provide active immunity

c. they bind to a single antigenic determinant

d. they are produced by hybridoma cells

b. they help provide active immunity

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by __________.

a. Charles' law

b. Henry's law

c. Dalton's law

d. Boyle's law

d. Boyle's law

Which nonspecific defense cells specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

a. natural killer cells

b. basophils

c. macrophages

d. all of these

a. natural killer cells

the PO2 of blood in lung capillaries reaches equilibrium with the PO2 of the alveoli rapidly because

a. the capillary walls are less than 1 micrometer thick

b. there is a steep pressure gradient

c. blood velocity is lower in capillaries

d. all of these

d. all of these

The total surface area of the respiratory membrane is

a. less than the skin

b. about the same as the skin

c. twice as big as the skin

d. 40 times larger than the skin

d. 40 times larger than the skin

Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ___________.

a. storage of blood platelets.

b. crypts that trap bacteria

c. storage of iron

d. removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood

b. crypts that trap bacteria

Select the correct statement about lymph transport.

a. under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits

b. lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling

c. lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins

d. lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles

d. lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles

Select the correct statement about lymphocytes

a. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood

b. the two main types are Tcells and macrophages

c. T cells are the precursors of B cells

d. T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue

a. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood

Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue

a. T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances

b. once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently

c. lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue

d. lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood

c. lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue

Function of the lymphatic system include _____.

a. transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system

b. transport of red blood cells to the blood vascular system

c. excretion of excess dietary fat

d. maintenance of blood pressure in the venous circulation

a. transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system

Which of the following is not true of saliva?

a. moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus

b. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

c. dissolves food chemicals so they can be tested

d. cleanses the mouth

b. contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins

You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping you to digest this food?

a. the thyroid gland

b. the buccal gland

c. the parotid gland

d. the pancreas

d. the pancreas

Which of the following is not a function of the small intestine

a. absorption

b. ingestion

c. chemical digestion

d. mechanical digestion

b. ingestion

Chemical digestion starts in the

a. mouth

b. stomach

c. small intestine

d. pancreas

a. mouth

Bacteria living in the colon

a. ferment indigestible carbohydrates

b. synthesize vitamins

c. release irritating gases

d. all of these

d. all of these

All of the following would stimulate pancreatic secretion except:

a. CCK

b. secretin

c. parasympathetic stimulation

d. serotonin

d. serotonin

The stomach produces enzymes which will break down:

a. proteins

b. carbohydrates

c. lipids

d. all of these

a. proteins

The liver produces chemicals which will help break down :

a. proteins

b. carbohydrates

c. lipids

d. all of these

c. lipids

Cholesterol, while it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because ________.

a. it enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

b. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the precursor of steroid hormones

c. it helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs

d. it helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation

b. it is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the precursor of steroid hormones

Trypsin would break things down into

a. simple sugars

b. fatty acids

c. glycerol

d. amino acids

d. amino acids

The term metabolism is best defined as _____.

a. the length of the time it takes to digest and absorb fats

b. a measure of carbohydrate utilization

c. the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day

d. the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body

d. the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions and mechanical work of the body

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because _________.

a. all vitamins are water-soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization.

b. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

c. very few foods contain vitamins

d. vitamins provide protection against the common cold

b. most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

Catabolism involves processes that ________.

a. mobilize fat during the postabsorbative state

b. elevate glucagon levels

c. cause a decline in circulating ketone bodies

d. break down complex structures to simpler ones

d. break down complex structures to simpler ones

Which of the following is not one of the major nutrients the body needs to survive

a. carbohydrates

b. lipids

c. proteins

d. fiber

d. fiber

Lipids are important because they

a. form cell membranes

b. help regulate smooth muscle contraction

c. are a concentrated source of fuel

d. all of these

d. all of these

Proteins must be broken down into ________ before they can be absorbed.

a. monosaccharides

b. monoglycerides

c. triglycerides

d. amino acids

d. amino acids

Which of these would increase protein synthesis

a. an inadequate caloric intake

b. release of sex hormones

c. failure to ingest all the essential amino acids

d. all of these

b. release of sex hormones

The part of cell metabolism that allows energy found in the bonds of glucose to be released in a stepwise manner is:

a. glycolysis

b. krebs cycle

c. electron transport chain

d. ATP synthase

c. electron transport chain

The electrons that are carried by NADH and FADH eventually:

a. combine with oxygen and form water

b. activate sugar molecules for glycolysis

c. directly activate ATP synthase

d. all of these

a. combine with oxygen and form water

In the second phase of glycolysis:

a. glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules

b. glucose is phosphorylated

c. glucose is oxidized

d. 4 ATP are produced

a. glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules

Water is essential to the body because it

a. is a good solvent

b. is reactive

c. has a high heat capacity

d. all of these

d. all of these

Lipogenesis occurs when

a. cellular ATP and glucose levels are low

b. the body needs long term energy storage

c. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

d. the body needs short term energy storage

c. cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

The most important force in determining the net filtration pressure is the ________.

a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

b. colloid osmotic pressure inside capsular space

c. colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood

d. capsular hydrostatic pressure

a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

When the body's mean arterial blood pressure rises, the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation will compensate by

a. constriction of the afferent arterioles

b. constriction of the efferent arterioles

c. dilation of the efferent arterioles

d. dilation of the afferent arterioles

a. constriction of the afferent arterioles

When NaCl concentration in the filtrate increases, the juxtaglomerular apparatus

a. changes the surface area available for filtration

b. releases a vasodilating chemical

c. releases a vasoconstricting chemical

d. releases angiotensin II

c. releases a vasoconstricting chemical

What hormone controls the reabsorption of sodium

a. insulin

b. PTH

c. aldosterone

d. ADH

c. aldosterone

The counter current mechanism

a. establishes the osmotic gradient in the medulla and cortex

b. allows the kidneys to make concentrated urine

c. is made up of the vasa recta and the loop of henle

d. all of these

d. all of these

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to

a. a decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

b. a decrease in the production of the ADH

c. an increase in the production of the aldosterone

d. an increase in the production of ADH

d. an increase in the production of ADH

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is __________.

a. the nephron

b. the basement membrane of the capillaries

c. Bowman's capsule

d. the loop of Henle

a. the nephron

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for

a. regulating the rate of filtrate formation

b. reabsorption of electrolytes

c. regulating acid base balance

d. reabsorption of organic molecules

a. regulating the rate of filtrate formation