Clinical Psychology and Mental Health

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering clinical psychology definitions, explanations, and treatments for phobias, depression, and OCD based on the lecture notes.

According to Rosenhan and Seligman (1995), one definition in the field of mental health is deviation from __________ mental health.

ideal

The four definitions of mental health suggested by Rosenhan and Seligman (1995) are deviation from ideal mental health, deviation from social/cultural norms, statistical infrequency, and __________ to function adequately.

failure

In Jahoda's criteria for ideal mental health, being __________ means being an independent person who is of their own mind and able to make their own decisions.

autonomous

According to Jahoda, environmental mastery is defined as the ability to love, work, solve problems, and adjust to __________ situations.

new

According to Jahoda, integration involves being able to cope in the social world, such as managing in __________ situations.

stressful

If individuals do not conform to socially acceptable behaviours by being reckless and aggressive, they can be diagnosed with __________ personality disorder.

antisocial

In the UK, homosexuality was deemed to be a criminal behaviour and a mental health disorder until the late __________.

$$1960\text{'s}$$

As an example of statistical infrequency, approximately __________ of the population have schizophrenia.

$$1\%$$

A limitation of statistical infrequency is that depression affects __________ of the population, meaning a common and serious illness would not be diagnosed.

$$20\text{-}25\%$$

Under the definition of failure to function adequately, maintaining eye contact and respecting personal space are examples of standard __________ rules.

interpersonal

According to the two-process model, phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained through __________ conditioning.

operant

In the two-process model, avoidance behaviours are strengthened through negative reinforcement because they reduce the unpleasant feeling of __________.

fear

An alternative evolutionary explanation suggests humans have a biological __________ to fear stimuli that posed a threat to primitive ancestors.

preparedness

The diagram above depicts an __________ hierarchy used in systematic desensitisation.

exposure

In systematic desensitisation, fear is overcome through reciprocal inhibition, which states that a patient cannot feel both anxious and __________ at the same time.

relaxed

Research by Ougrin (2011) found that __________ was as effective as other therapies, such as systematic desensitisation, for specific phobias.

flooding

The diagram above represents Beck's __________ triad.

negative

Beck's negative triad identifies automatic negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the __________.

future

In Ellis' ABC model, the letter 'A' stands for an __________ event.

activating

Ellis defined __________ thinking as the irrational belief that the world should always be a fair place.

utopian

Irrational beliefs such as 'I must always achieve perfection' are categorized by Ellis as __________ thinking.

mustabatory

In Ellis' extended ABCDE model of therapy, the letter 'D' stands for __________ the irrational belief.

disputing

When a CBT therapist asks for evidence to challenge a patient's irrational belief, this is referred to as __________ disputing.

empirically

Research showed that __________ of patients treated with a combined treatment of CBT and drugs improved, compared to $81\%$ treated with CBT alone.

$$86\%$$

Taylor (2013) found that __________ candidate genes have been identified in relation to OCD.

$$230$$

A mutated __________ gene reduces serotonin levels to lower than they should be, contributing to OCD.

SERT

Nestadt et al. found a __________ concordance rate for OCD in monozygotic twins compared to $31\%$ in dizygotic twins.

$$68\%$$

The brain diagram above illustrates the __________ circuit involved in OCD.

worry

In the neural explanation of OCD, worry signals are sent by the __________ cortex.

orbitofrontal

In healthy individuals, minor worry signals are suppressed by the __________ nucleus.

caudate

Soomero et al. (2008) found that __________ of OCD patients given SSRI antidepressant drugs showed an improvement in symptoms.

$$70\%$$

SSRIs reduce anxiety in OCD by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin in the __________ neuron.

presynaptic

An older class of antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels but have more severe side effects than SSRIs are __________.

tricyclics