Occupational Role Analysis Test#1

Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest

theory

True or false: a theory is simply a guess

false

true or false: in order for a theory to be classified as a psychological one, it must be describe a behavior

true

the approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control

psychodynamic

present at birth and represents primitive drives

Id

rationale and reasonable part of personality

Ego

represents a person’s conscience, right vs. wrong

superego

a baby cries because they are hungry. The caregiver responds quickly and consistently, feeding the baby, holding them, and providing comfort. Over time, the baby learns:

Erikson's stage of trust versus mistrust sets the foundation for how a person perceives the world and others around them. “When I express my needs, someone is there for me. The world is safe, and I can trust others.”

theorized all people pass through a fixed sequence of universal stages of cognitive development and suggested human thinking is arranged into schemas that represent concrete behavior

Piaget

This theory proposes if we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior

The behavior perspective

This example is a good example of what theory. Teaching a child how to ride a bike. First, we put them on a bike with training wheels, let them be successful, then remove the wheels, but still provide physical cueing and support, and finally, children can ride independently.

Vygotsky

The two gametes merging forms a ______ as a result of the process of fertilization

zygote

the type if twin is no more similar than two siblings born at different times

dizygotic twins

who establishes the sex of the child

Father (XY)

blue eyes are an example of a ______

phenotype

Why do males have a higher risk of X linked disorders

because they don’t have the second X chromosome to counteract the disorder

true or false: infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12-18 mo of trying.

true

a diet low in folate, or an issue with absorption of folate, can be predispose a fetus to this type of birth defect

Neural tube defects

contractions occur every 8 to 10 minutes and last abt 30 secs per contraction during this stage of labor

stage one

during this stage of labor, the placenta is expelled

stage 3

This occurs due to a lack of oxygen to the baby lasting a few minutes during the birth process that can produce brain damage

anoxia

True or false: skin to skin contact can help to support thermoregulation in the newborn infant

true

true or false: there are no racial or ethnic disparities in maternal mortality rate in the U. S

false

this is the average weight of a newborn

7.5 lbs

a low birthweight baby is defined as weight less than

5.5 lbs

micropreemies are defined as:

weighing less than 2.25 lbs

true or false:a fathers age can influence whether or not a baby is born prematurely

true

this is defined as a period of deep depression following the birth of a child

post partum depression

true or false: Although the degree of emotional expressiveness varies, facial expressions are similar in all infants across cultures

true

Direct eye contact can indicate confidence or engagement, while avoiding eye contact may signal discomfort or dishonesty

The following is an example of nonverbal encoding

The distress displayed by infants when customary care provider departs

Separation anxiety

•The intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances or events

social referencing

the ability to understand others non-verbal behavior

non-verbal decoding

What is the most important aspect of social development that takes place in infancy

attachment

This stage stage occurs during infancy (birth to around 18 months) and is crucial for emotional and social development. It focuses on whether an infant learns to rely on their caregivers and environment based on how their needs are met

trust vs mistrust

What is lifespan development?

the study of growth, change, and stability across the lifespan from conception to death

What is a social construct

a culturally created idea that exists bc society agrees it does (e.g marriage, adolescence)

What areas does lifespan development cover?

physical, cognitive, social and personality development

continuous development

continous= gradual, quantitative change

-no distinct stages

-ex. vocab growth, height increases

discontinuous development

occurs in distinct stages; qualitative canges in thinking/behavior

-Analogy: stairs — each step is a new level

Age ranges and individual differences:

PRENATAL:
INFANCY and TODDLERHOOD:

PRESCHOOL PERIOD:
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD:

ADOLESCENCE:

YOUNG ADULTHOOD:
MIDDLE AGE:

LATE ADULTHOOD:

PRENATAL: pre-birth
INFANCY and TODDLERHOOD:birth to age 3

PRESCHOOL PERIOD: 3- 6
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD: 6-12

ADOLESCENCE: 12-20

YOUNG ADULTHOOD: 20-40
MIDDLE AGE: 40-65

LATE ADULTHOOD: 65- death

critical period

a specific time during development when a particular event has its great consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

-absence = irreversible consequences

ex. drugs while being pregnant

sensitive period

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli doesn’t always produce irreversible consequences

-Skills can still develop later but with more difficulty

-ex. language acquisition

Nature vs Nurture

NATURE:

-genetics: inborn traits and biological predispositions

-athletic ability (height, muscle comp)

-intelligence potential

-mental health vulnerabilities (anxiety, depression)

Nature vs Nurture:

NURTURE:

experiences, upbringing, culture, learning

-academic success shaped by teachers/parent support

-personality shaped by parenting style

-healthy habits shaped by family lifestyle

What is reaction range?

genes set upper and lower limits for a trait

-environment determines where within that range a person falls

theory:

broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest. What will happen, not what happened. How and why?

-provides a framework for understanding the relationship among a seemingly unorganized set of facts/principles

psychodynamic perspective

behavior is driven by unconscious forces, conflicts, and memories

-inner forces cont. to influence behavior throughout life

-FREUD AND ERIKSON

-wrong

FREUD: psychoanalytic theory:

-believed that early childhood experiences shape adult personality and that unconcious desires influence behaviors

What are the three parts of the mind that forms personality?

ID: present at birth and represent primitive drives

EGO: rationale and reasonable part of personality

SUPEREGO: represents a person’s conscious, right vs wrong; begins around 5-6 yrs old

What are the 5 psychosexual stages? OAPLG

1. oral (0-1): focus on oral activities like sucking

2. anal

3. Phallic (3-6) focus on genitalia and the Oedipus complex

4. Latent

5. Genital

What happens when children are unable to gratify themselves during a stage?

they may end up with a fixation.

ex. a person w a strong desire to succeed may have unresolved conflicts w childhood (phallic stage) influencing their adult ambitions

ERIKSON: Psychosocial Devlopment Theory

individuals go through 8 stages of psychosocial development throughout their life, each marked by a conflict that needs resolution

-personal growth and social challenges are key to each dev. stage

Stage #1 of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

Trust vs Mistrust:

-infancy to 18 months

-developing trust based on caregivers’ consistency

-virtue developed: HOPE

Stage #2 of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt:

-18 months to 3 years (Toddlerhood)

-gaining independence and self-control

-virtue developed: WILL

Stage # 5 of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

Identity vs Role confusion

-13-21 years (Adolescence)

-establishing a personal identity

-virtue dev: Fidelity

The behavioral perspective (Behaviorism) (WATSON, SKINNERm BANDURA)

Watson: argued that human behavior is learned through interactions with the environment

-all behaviors are learned through conditioning either classical or operant

classical conditioning:

learning through association (PAVLOV’s DOGS)

-an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimullus that normally doesn’t

Operant conditioning:

learning through reinforcement and punishment

-a child who recieves praise for doing well on homework (pos. reinforcement) is more likely to cont. studying

Social cognitive theory (BANDURA)

• Learning occurs through observation and imitation

• Modeling is key

  • Children learn by watching others, not just through trial and error

Cognitive Dev Theory (Piaget)

children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world

-children’s thinking evolves through stages from basic sensorimotor activity to abstract reasoning

Stage one of Piaget Cognitive dev.

Sensorimotor (0-2yrs)

-learning through sensory experiences and motor actions (babies realizing their actions can make objects move)

Stage two of Piaget Cognitive dev.

preoperational (2-7yrs)

development of language, imagination, but egocentric thinking (a child thinking everyone can see what they see)

Stage three of Piaget Cognitive dev.

Concrete Operational (7-11)

logica; thinking devlops with concrete objects (understanding a ball’s shape doesn’t change if u squish it

Stage four of Piaget Cognitive dev.

Formal operational (12+)

-abstract thinking and problem-solving emerge (solving algebraic equations)

Humanism - Humanistic Theory: MASLOW AND RODGERS

-emphasizes free will and personal growth

-people are inherently good and have the ability to make choices that lead to personal growth and fulfillment

What are the three of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

#1

Basic needs (physiological and safety): must be met first for individuals to focus on higher needs

What are the three of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

#2

Psychological needs (belonging and esteem): fulfilled through relationships and achieving respect

What are the three of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

#3

Self-actualization: the highest need, where individuals reach their full potential and personal growth

What did Rodgers emphasize in the Humanistic perspective

emphasized the importance of a supportive environment for personal growth, focusing on the concept of unconditional positive regard

Ecological Systems Theory: Bronfenbrenner

proposed that human development is influenced by different levels of their environment, from immediate surroundings to broader societal influences

What is the first environment proposed by Bronfenbrenner?

microsystem: immediate environments

-family, school, peers

What is the second environment proposed by Bronfenbrenner?

Mesosytem: connections

-interactions between microsystems

What is the third environment proposed by Bronfenbrenner?

Exosystem: indirect environment

-parent’s job, community, erie weather

What is the fourth environment proposed by Bronfenbrenner?

Macrosystem: social and cultural values

-broader societal and cultural influences

-religion, whether or not you attend college

-culture, laws, values

What is the fifth environment proposed by Bronfenbrenner?

chronosystem

changes over time

Sociocultural Theory

emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development

-learning is socially mediated, with more knowledgeable others (teachers, peers) guiding children through tasks within their zone of proximal development (ZPD)

What is ZPD

the range of tasks a child can perform with help, but cannot yet do independently

What is scaffolding

support provided by a mentor that is gradually reduced as the learner becomes more independent

Scientific method:

the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and collection of data

What is the purpose of correlational research?

to identify relationships between variables

What is the purpose of experimental research?

to determine cause-and-effect relationships

What are the four key features of correlational research?

-no manipulation of variables

-focus on associations

-direction of relationship: can be pos, neg, or zero

-strength of relationship: +1/-1 = strong relationship, closer to zero = weaker

What is the limitation of correlational research?

cannot establish causality: do not prove that one variable causes changes in other.

What are the four key features of experimental research:

-manipulation of variables

-control group:

-random assignment

-causality

What is an advantage to experimental research?

causal conclusions: bc the researcher controls and manipulates the variables, experimental research allows for stronger conclusions about cause and effects

What are the two limitations to experimental research?

-artificial settings:

-ethical concerns

What are gametes

reproductive cells: sperm and ovum/egg

What is fertilization

the two gametes merging forms a zygote as a result of fertilization

What are genes?

the basic form of genetic info

-our genes contain our DNA which determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function

What are chromosomes

rod-shaped DNA structures; hu ans have 23 PAIRS (46 total)

Monozygotic twins

one fertilized egg splits: genetically IDENTICAL

Dizygotic twins

two eggs + two sperm: genetically like siblings

How is a child’s sex determined

by the 23rd chromosome pair

-XX: female

-XY: male (Father determines sex)

Dominant trait:

the one trait is expressed when two competing traits are present

-CAPITAL LETTER

Recessive Trait:

a trait within an organism that is present, but not expressed

LOWERCASE LETTER

Genotype:

the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism

Phenotype

an observable trait

Homozygous

inheriting similar genes from the parents for a similar trait

heterozygous

inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait