span lit exam 2 tomorrow

who is the author of el orden de las cosas?

Iván thays

¿Qué es ficción?

no es la creación de un mundo imaginario
opuesto al real. Es aquello que nos abre las puertas a una manera más clara de ver las cosas

¿Qué es la fundamentales en una narrativa?

Es una narración en prosa la cual consiste en una historia (una serie de acontecimientos) contada por un narrador

¿Que son tipos de narraciones importantes?

- El mito (en el pasado)
-El cuento (una breve narración con una acción
condensada central y pocos personajes)
-La novela (una narración más compleja y más
extensa; tiene una variedad de personajes, lugares y
tiempos)

la exposición

da los datos necesarios para entender la historia e.g.
descripciones del ambiente, de las relaciones entre los personajes etc

el desarrollo

introduce las acciones de los personajes y sus motivos

el punto decisivo

cualquier cosa, sea acción, decisión, revelación, que cambia
todo

el clímax

El punto más alto de la acción, resultado del punto decisivo

El desenlace

presenta las consecuencias finales
del clímax

el cuento

una breve narración con una acción condensada central y pocos personajes

la novela

una narración más compleja y más extensa; tiene una variedad de personajes, lugares y tiempos

el tema

La idea central o la unidad de los conceptos del texto y su valor significativo (el mensaje fundamental)

personajes el orden de las cosas

El Narrador - nuevo estudiante (tercer año de secundaria) de Lima, pasión para el fútbol, buen escritor

Sebastián - popular, buen orador, lee mucho, mejor jugador del equipo

Graciela - la hermana melliza  de Sebastián, se convierte en la novia del narrador, cantante

Benjamín- primero amor de Sebastián,  viva en Brasil

Padres del narrador - el padre trabaja en las minas,  relación tenso se convierte en divorcio

Madre es bondadosa pero el narrador a veces siente solo

Padres de Sebastián-  ricos, padre es el jefe de las minas, conocido por el pueblo, amables y tolerantes, tienen una relación especial con el narrador

Argumentos, temas, e ideas principales el orden de las cosas

La tolerancia 

El orden de las cosas - luchando por su propia felicidad

El poder

El tiempo

El amor romántico y familiar

prosa poética

no tiene ni rima ni métrica

poema de versos libres

no tiene ni rima ni métrica y se presenta tipográficamente en líneas sangradas, como en el poema convencional.

poesía lírica

de origen griego
Se recitaba con acompañamiento de un instrumento musical
De carácter subjetivo y expresa emociones, estados de ánimo o sentimientosíntimos.

poesía épica

• - Cultivada en la Europa de los siglos VIII al XV
  - Objetiva y cuenta hechos históricos, legendarios o heróicos, nacionales e internacionales
  - Epopeya Cantar de gesta Romance leyenda

poesía dramática

una carácter subjetivo de la lírica y objetivo de la épica
La encontramos en el siglo de oro español
De carácter subjetivo y expresa emociones, estados de ánimo o sentimientos íntimos.

POESÍA MÍSTICA Y MEDIEVAL

Anónimo, “El Enamorado y la Muerte” + Santa Teresa de Jesús “Vivo sin vivir en mi”

Vivo sin vivir en mi author

SANTA TERESA DE JESUS

Vivo sin vivir en mi repeated phrases

muero porque no muero (she is suffering on earth and wants to be with God)

What is Vivo Sin vivir about?

• - her longing with wanting to be God

• - she feels she is living yet not truly alive because she desires to be with God in heaven.

what are the main themes of vivo sin vivir en mi

• Spiritual Longing – Santa Teresa feels trapped in earthly life, yearning for a deeper connection with the divine.

• Mystical Death – She describes a paradoxical "living death" where her soul is already with God, but her body remains in the world.

• Divine Love – Her love for God is so intense that life without full union with Him feels unbearable.

• Christian Paradox – The poem reflects Christian mystical traditions where suffering on Earth is seen as part of the path to divine unity.

“El Enamorado y la Muerte” author

Anónimo

what is the summary of el enamorado y la muerte

The ballad tells the story of a young man (el enamorado) who is visited by Death (la Muerte) in a dream. Death tells him that his time has come, but he begs for just one more day to live. Death, however, only grants him a brief respite—one hour.

Desperate, the young man rushes to see his beloved. He arrives at her house and asks her to let him in. Since the door is locked, she suggests that he climb up using a silk cord (cuerda de seda). However, as he is climbing, the cord breaks, and he falls to his death. The poem ends abruptly with his tragic fate, reinforcing the theme that death cannot be escaped.

what is the theme of el enamorado y la muerte

1. Inevitability of Death – No matter how much the enamored man tries to escape his fate, Death ultimately claims him.

2. Love vs. Death – The young man’s passion and desire to see his beloved contrast with the cold, unstoppable force of Death.

3. Fate and Predestination – The ballad suggests that our destiny is already written and that no one can escape their final moment.

POESÍA RENACENTISTA Y BARROCA poems

Garcilaso de la Vega “Soneto XXIII” y Góngora “Soneto CLXVI”

Soneto XXIII author

Garcilaso de la Vega

Garcilaso de la Vega “Soneto XXIII” about

celebrates the beauty of a young woman, urging her to enjoy her youth before it fade

Soneto CLXVI author

Góngora

Poesía barroca hispana

Excesiva decoración verbal
Juegos de palabras
Temas religiosos, amorosos y mundanos
Realidad como ilusión engañosa

barroco

Nuevo tipo de sensualidad en la decoración excesiva.
Temas:
La fugacidad de la vida
La vanidad humana
La existencia como teatro o sueño

Renacimiento

movimiento cultural europeo que se inspira en la antigüedad grecolatina (Homero, Platón, Aristóteles, etc.)

Siglo XXIII Garcilaso de Vega is what type of poem

Renacimiento Español

Soneto CLXVI by Góngora is a what type of poem

el barroco

Góngora “Soneto CLXVI about

The poem is a carpe diem meditation, encouraging a young woman to enjoy her beauty before it fades. It follows a structure similar to Garcilaso de la Vega’s Soneto XXIII and contrasts the fleeting nature of youth and beauty with the inevitable decay brought by time.

Góngora “Soneto CLXVI summary

• The speaker describes the woman's beauty—her golden hair, fair skin, rosy cheeks, and graceful neck—by comparing them to elements of nature, such as the sun, lilies, roses, and crystal.

• However, nature itself is in competition with her beauty and will ultimately outlast her.

• The final quatrain and couplet deliver the poem’s memento mori message: all beauty and youth will eventually turn to “earth, smoke, dust, shadow, nothing” (en tierra, en humo, en polvo, en sombra, en nada).

A su retrato author

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

what is A Su Retrato about

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz’s critiques portraiture as a deceptive illusion that falsely preserves youth and beauty. The poem emphasizes the fleeting nature of physical appearance and the inevitability of death, ending with the stark line: "es cadáver, es polvo, es sombra, es nada" ("it is a corpse, it is dust, it is shadow, it is nothing"). Rooted in the Baroque tradition, the poem reflects Sor Juana’s intellectual critique of vanity and the passage of time.

POESÍA ROMÁNTICA Canción del pirata author

Espronceda

POESÍA ROMÁNTICA Canción del pirata author summary

The poem is written from the perspective of a pirate who proudly declares his independence from kings and nations. He sails the seas aboard his ship, El Temido (The Feared One), claiming that the ocean is his true home and the only law he follows is his own. He mocks the power of monarchs, emphasizing that while they rule over land, he is the master of the boundless sea.

Throughout the poem, the pirate glorifies his way of life, describing the excitement of battle, the thrill of the wind and waves, and the joy of being free from society’s restrictions. He rejects wealth and status, valuing instead the limitless expanse of the ocean and the sense of adventure it provides.

POESÍA ROMÁNTICA Canción del pirata author themes

• Freedom and Rebellion – The pirate represents the Romantic ideal of the free-spirited individual who refuses to be constrained by laws or kings.

• Critique of Authority – The poem contrasts the pirate’s boundless life with the corruption and oppression of rulers.

• Nature’s Power – The sea symbolizes both freedom and danger, serving as the perfect setting for the pirate’s untamed existence.

• The Romantic Hero – The pirate embodies the Romantic hero: a passionate, independent figure who defies conventions and lives by his own rules.

what are the POESÍA TARDÍA?

Bécquer “Rima XI,” Martí “Dos patrias,”
Darío “El cisne”

Rima XI author

Bécquer

Bécquer “Rima XI, explain this to me

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s Rima XI is a poem about unattainable love and the human tendency to desire what cannot be had. It reflects the Romantic theme of longing for an ideal rather than accepting reality.

Summary

The poem presents three different female voices, each offering themselves to the speaker:

1. The first woman is passionate and fiery, offering love filled with intensity and pleasure.

2. The second woman is gentle and pure, promising peace and tenderness.

3. The third figure is not a real woman but rather an ideal, an intangible dream.

Bécquer “Rima XI themes

• Unattainable Love – The speaker desires an ideal rather than real, tangible love.

• Romantic Idealism – A hallmark of Romanticism, the pursuit of something perfect and impossible.

• Frustration and Longing – The poem expresses a deep yearning for something forever out of reach.

Dos patrias author

Martí

Dos partrias themes

• Patriotism and Sacrifice – Martí views Cuba’s struggle as something worth dying for.

• Mourning and Loss – The poem reflects the pain of exile and the sorrow of an unfree homeland.

• Death and Night as Symbols – The night represents both death and the unknown future of Cuba.

Does Patrias Martí

The poem presents two “homelands”: Cuba and the night. Martí uses night as a metaphor for death, sadness, or exile. He describes Cuba as a grieving widow, mourning the loss of its freedom, and implies that he must leave or die for its cause. The poem is filled with imagery of suffering, with the speaker expressing deep sorrow yet a willingness to accept fate.

“El cisne” author

Darío

Modernismo poems

el cisne,

el cisne about

Summary

Darío contrasts the old, traditional poetry with the new, Modernist vision, using the swan as a symbol of rebirth. He references classical mythology (Helen of Troy, Leda, and the swan) to elevate poetry to a divine status. The poem expresses how poetry has transformed, no longer bound by rigid forms but instead embracing elegance, grandeur, and innovation.

Themes

• The Renewal of Poetry – The swan represents the rebirth of poetry through Modernismo.

• Art and Beauty – Poetry is seen as something sacred and elevated.

• Mythological Symbolism – References to classical myths connect poetry to eternal beauty.

Amo a mi amo author

Nancy Morejan

Amo a mi amo

• about slavery (la esclavitud)

• rape (la violación)

• dos partes

• Nancy Morejón's "Amo a mi amo" ("I Love My Master") is a poem that ironically explores the relationship between an enslaved woman and her master. The speaker appears to declare love for her master, but this "love" is sarcastic, highlighting the manipulation and oppression inherent in slavery. The poem critiques the power dynamics of colonialism and slavery while also hinting at the emotional and psychological resistance of the enslaved. Morejón uses the poem to reflect on the complexities of power, control, and identity in an oppressive system

En esta noche, en este mundo author

Alejandra Pizarnik

En esta noche, en este mundo about

• one of her last poems

• si digo agua ¿beberé?

• si digo pan ¿comeré?

• basically surviving

Themes en esta noche, en este mundo

Themes

1. Solitude and Alienation – The poem explores the speaker’s feeling of being distant or disconnected from the world around them.

2. Existential Despair – It reflects an inner struggle with life’s meaning, where the world feels overwhelming and harsh.

3. The Night as Symbol – The night is a recurring symbol in Pizarnik’s poetry, often representing darkness, emotional isolation, and existential questioning.

4. Self-Reflection – The poem also highlights the speaker’s deep internal reflection, examining the pain of living and the search for identity.

En esta noche, en este mundo explain this to me

The poem is characterized by Pizarnik’s introspective voice, which focuses on a deeply personal experience of isolation and emotional pain. The speaker is caught in the tension between their inner world and the outside world, reflecting on how disconnected they feel. The night is symbolic, often representing darkness, solitude, and a sense of being lost. Through her imagery, Pizarnik explores the harshness of existence, capturing feelings of detachment from both the world and the self.