Ch. 4 (11th edition)

What is research planning?

A critical step in the research process that involves outlining the steps to be taken and the resources needed to conduct the study.

Why is research planning important?

It ensures that the research is conducted efficiently, effectively, and ethically.

What are the components of a research proposal?

Introduction, literature review, methodology, references.

What is the purpose of a research proposal?

To outline the research plan and obtain necessary approvals or funding.

What is research design?

The blueprint for conducting a research study.

What factors influence research design?

Research question, purpose, nature of the variables, and available resources.

What are the types of quantitative research designs?

Experimental, correlational, and survey.

What is an experimental research design?

It manipulates independent variables to measure their effect on dependent variables.

What is a correlational research design?

It measures the relationship between variables without manipulating them.

What is a survey research design?

It collects data from a large sample of individuals using questionnaires or interviews.

What are the types of qualitative research designs?

Case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and action research.

What is a case study in qualitative research?

An in-depth investigation of specific individuals, groups, or organizations.

What is ethnography in qualitative research?

Studies of cultures and subcultures.

What is grounded theory?

It develops theories from data collected through interviews and observations.

What is phenomenology?

It explores the lived experiences of individuals.

What is action research?

Collaborative research that aims to solve practical problems.

What are mixed methods research designs?

Research designs that integrate both quantitative and qualitative data.

What is convergent mixed methods research?

It collects both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously and integrates the findings.

What is exploratory sequential mixed methods research?

It begins with qualitative data collection to explore a phenomenon and then collects quantitative data to test hypotheses.

What is explanatory sequential mixed methods research?

It begins with quantitative data collection to test hypotheses and then collects qualitative data to explore the findings in more depth.

What is embedded mixed methods research?

It integrates quantitative and qualitative data within a single phase of the research.

What is multiphasic mixed methods research?

It involves multiple phases of data collection and analysis, using both quantitative and qualitative methods.

What are common data collection methods?

Surveys, interviews, observations, documents, and experiments.

What is sampling in research?

Selecting a representative sample of participants from the population of interest.

What are the two main types of sampling techniques?

Probability sampling and non-probability sampling.

What is power analysis?

A statistical technique used to determine the appropriate sample size.

What is validity in the context of research instruments?

The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

What are the types of validity?

Content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.

What is reliability in research instruments?

The consistency of an instrument's results.

What are the types of reliability?

Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability.

What is the purpose of pilot testing?

To identify potential problems with the instruments and make necessary revisions.

What is informed consent in research?

Obtaining participants' voluntary agreement to participate in the study after providing them with information about the research.

What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

To review research proposals and assess potential risks and benefits, ensuring the protection of participants' rights.

What are the components of a research budget?

Direct costs (e.g., salaries, supplies) and indirect costs (e.g., overhead, facilities).

What are examples of statistical methods used in data analysis?

Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and regression analysis.

What are examples of qualitative analysis techniques?

Coding, thematic analysis, and narrative analysis.

What factors influence the choice of data analysis software?

Type of data, complexity of the analysis, and availability of resources.