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What type of organism is HP?
Bacteria
Describe the structure of HP
Gram neg
Helix
Highly motile
Describe the frequency of occurrences of HP
50% have HP as part of their normal stomach flora
Usually over 80% of these are asymptomatic
Describe the damage caused by HP
Chronic gastritis at site of infection
Cleaves urea into ammonia and CO2, which neutralizes acid in lining, less protective against consumed carcinogens
VacA toxin disrupts cell-cell junctions to penetrate further in epithelium, forming reservoir protected from AB
What drugs are used to treat HP infection?
Omeprozole (PPI, less acidic aids AB access and function, also assists repair of ulcers)
Amoxicillin (penicillin derivative with less AMR against it)
Clarithromycin (targets bacterial 50S)
How does HP inflammation drive cancer development?
Macrophages and T cells recruited to site of infection release TNF-alpha (activates NFkB pathway, less sensitive to apoptosis)
Also release macrophage inhibitory factor MIF which suppresses p53 response, driving proliferation
Produce CagA toxin, activates many cancer-associated signal transduction pathways
Why is it hard to develop a HP vaccine?
Over 100 genomes completely sequenced
Large diversity of strains and antigen presentation