Spanish

Present Tense (Regular Verbs)

Verbs conjugated in the present form: -AR (hablar), -ER (comer), -IR (vivir).

Stem-Changing Verbs

Verbs that change their stem vowel in the present tense, such as e → ie (pensar → pienso), o → ue (dormir → duermo), or e → i (pedir → pido).

Reflexive Verbs

Verbs that indicate actions performed on oneself, using pronouns like me, te, se, nos.

Future Tense Structure

Formed by using 'ir' + 'a' + infinitive (e.g., voy a estudiar).

Present Continuous Structure

Formed by using 'estar' + gerund (-ando/-iendo), such as estoy hablando.

Saber

To know facts or how to do something.

Conocer

To know people or places.

Command (Tú)

Informal commands: hablar (speak), comer (eat), vivir (live).

Command (Usted)

Formal commands: hable (speak), coma (eat), viva (live).

TENER QUE + INFINITIVE

Expresses obligation, such as tengo que estudiar (I have to study).

Gustar Usage

Use with me, te, le, nos, les + verb; e.g., Me gusta la música.

To Invite

Example phrase: ¿Quieres ir al cine conmigo? (Do you want to go to the movies with me?)

To Accept an Invitation

Example response: ¡Claro que sí! Me encantaría. (Of course! I would love to.)

To Decline an Invitation

Example response: Lo siento, no puedo. Tengo que estudiar. (Sorry, I can’t. I have to study.)

Celebration Expressions

Common phrases: ¡Feliz cumpleaños! (Happy birthday!), ¡Felicidades! (Congratulations!).

Jugar vs. Tocar

Use 'jugar + a' for sports (Juego al fútbol) and 'tocar + instrument' for music (Toco el piano).

Free Time Activities

Common activities: ver la televisión, escuchar música (watch TV, listen to music).

Daily Routine (Reflexive Verbs)

Actions like despertarse, levantarse (to wake up, to get up) using pronouns.

Parts of the Body & Pain Expressions

Use 'me duele' for singular (Me duele la cabeza) and 'me duelen' for plural (Me duelen los pies).