IPS1 - [Liquid Dosage Forms] - Aromatic Waters, Gargles, Mouthwash, Douches, Enemas, And Syrups

Proverbs 16:3

Aromatic waters

These are CLEAR, SATURATED aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other AROMATIC or VOLATILE substances.

Aromatic waters

These are pleasantly flavored vehicle for water SOLUBLE drugs or an AQUEOUS phase in an EMULSION or SUSPENSION.

Salting out

In AROMATIC waters, the addition of electrolytes may cause ___, leading to separation of the volatile ingredient.

Tight, light-resistant containers

Aromatic waters should be stored in ____

● Distillation

● Solution Method

Methods of preparation for AROMATIC WATERS

Cohobation

[METHOD OF PREPARATION FOR AROMATIC WATER]

This is the process of redistillation two or more times until the distillate becomes clear.

Solution method

[METHOD OF PREPARATION FOR AROMATIC WATER]

The volatile or aromatic substance is admixed with water, with or without a dispersant (e.g., talc).

Talc

[METHOD OF PREPARATION FOR AROMATIC WATER]

The DISPERSANT used in SOLUTION METHOD

Solution Method

[METHOD OF PREPARATION FOR AROMATIC WATER]

In ____, salting out happens due to the formation of an insoluble layer at the top when large amounts of water-soluble drugs are added.

Gargles

These are solutions used to treat the pharynx and the nasopharynx by forcing air through the lungs thru the gargle

which is held in the throat.

● Pharynx

● Nasopharynx

Gargles are solutions used to treat the ____by forcing air through the lungs thru the gargle which is held in the throat.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:

GARGLES must be DILUTED with water prior to use.

● Phenol Gargle

● Betadine Gargle

● Bactidol

Examples of GARGLES

Mouthwashes

These are aqueous solutions most often used for their deodorizing, refreshing and antiseptic effect.

● Deodorizing effect

● Refreshing effect

● Antiseptic effect

Mouthwashes are aqueous solutions most often used for their ___ effects.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:

MOUTHWASHES are often used COSMETICALLY than therapeutically.

Reduce bad breath

COSMETIC use of mouthwash

● Gingivitis

● Dental caries

THERAPEUTIC use of mouthwash includes prevention of:

● Listerine

● Astring-O-Sol

● Mouthwash, NF

● Colgate

Examples of MOUTHWASHES

● Eye Wash (Collyrium)

● Nasal Wash (Collunarium)

Other types of WASHES

Collyrium

Eye washes are also called as ____

Collunarium

Nasal washes are also called as ____

Douches

These are aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a CAVITY of the body; functions as cleansing or

antiseptic agent.

● Cleansing agent

● Antiseptic agent

Douches are used as:

Douches

These are usually administered into a body part using a bulb syringe.

Bulb syringe

Douches are usually administered into a body part using a ___

● Eye Douche

● Nasal Douche

● Pharyngeal Douche

● Vaginal Douche

Examples of DOUCHES

Vaginal Douche

This douche may be prepared from POWDERS, SOLUTIONS, or LIQUID CONCENTRATES; used for irrigative cleansing of the vagina.

● Powders

● Solutions

● Liquid concentrates

Vaginal Douche may be prepared from ___

Enemas

These are RECTAL injections employed to:

● Evacuate the bowel

● Influence the general system by absorption

● Affect locally the seat of disease

● Visualize the GIT for diagnosis

● Evacuate the bowel

● Influence the general system by absorption

● Affect locally the seat of disease

● Visualize the GIT for diagnosis

Enemas are rectal injections employed to:

● Evacuation Enema

● Retention Enema

Types of ENEMA

Evacuation enema

[TYPES OF ENEMA]

Enema used to CLEANSE the bowel.

1 to 2 pints

[TYPES OF ENEMA]

Volume used for EVACUATION enema

Sodium phosphate enema (Fleet enema)

[TYPES OF ENEMA]

Example of EVACUATION enema

● Nutritive Enema

● Medicated Enema

● Diagnostic Enema

[TYPES OF ENEMA]

Types of RETENTION enema

● Aminophylline

● Hydrocortisone

● Barium Sulfate

[TYPES OF ENEMA]

Examples of RETENTION enema

Barium Sulfate Enema

[TYPES OF ENEMA]

Example of DIAGNOSTIC enema (imaging)

< 150 mL

[TYPES OF ENEMA]

Volume used for RETENTION enema

Syrups

These are concentrated, aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitutes with or without added flavoring agent and medicinal substances.

● Medicated Syrups

● Non-Medicated Syrups

Classification of SYRUPS

Medicated Syrups

[CLASSIFICATION OF SYRUPS]

Syrup base + active medicinal ingredients.

Non-Medicated Syrups

[CLASSIFICATION OF SYRUPS]

Serve as vehicles for extemporaneous compounding or taste-masking.

Flavored Vehicles

[CLASSIFICATION OF SYRUPS]

Non-Medicated Syrups are also referred to as ___

● Cherry

● Orange

● Cocoa Syrup

● Ora-Sweet

● Ora-Sweet SF

● Raspberry Syrup

● Syrup, NF

● Syrup, USP

[CLASSIFICATION OF SYRUPS]

Examples of NON-MEDICATED SYRUPS

● Cherry

● Orange

[NON-MEDICATED SYRUPS]

Vehicle for drugs requiring an ACIDIC medium

Cocoa Syrup

[NON-MEDICATED SYRUPS]

Masks BITTER-tasting drugs

● Ora-Sweet

● Ora-Sweet SF

[NON-MEDICATED SYRUPS]

ALCOHOL-FREE vehicle for EXTEMPORANEOUS compounding

Raspberry Syrup

[NON-MEDICATED SYRUPS]

Masks SALTY or SOUR taste of drugs

● Syrup, NF

● Syrup, USP

[NON-MEDICATED SYRUPS]

Standardized simple syrup used as a vehicle or base.

● Sugar / Sugar Substitute

● Preservatives

● Flavorant

● Colorant

● Co-Solvents

● Solubilizing Agent

● Thickeners

● Stabilizers

● Active Ingredients

[SYRUPS]

Components of SYRUP

Sugar

[COMPONENTS OF SYRUP]

This contributes to the SWEETNESS and VISCOSITY.

Sucrose

[COMPONENTS OF SYRUP]

Example of SUGAR used in syrup

● Benzoic Acid

● Sodium Benzoate

● Parabens (Methyl-, Propyl-, Butyl-)

● Alcohol (15-20%)

[COMPONENTS OF SYRUP]

Example of PRESERVATIVES used in syrup

Colorant

[COMPONENTS OF SYRUP]

This component correlated with the FLAVORANT employed.

Simple Syrup

[SYRUPS]

Syrup, NF is also known as ___

Syrup, NF (Simple Syrup)

[SYRUPS]

A concentrated or nearly saturated aqueous solution of sugar (85% w/v, 65% w/w).

85% w/v or 65% w/w

[SYRUPS]

SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP) is a concentrated or nearly saturated aqueous solution of sugar with __% w/v or __% w/w sugar.

Syrup, NF (Simple Syrup)

[SYRUPS]

This acts as DILUTING AGENT, SOLVENT, and FLAVORING AGENT for water-soluble drugs.

85 g sugar per 100 mL water (46.3 mL water)

[SYRUPS]

Composition of SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP)

46.3 mL

[SYRUPS]

SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP) contains ___ mL water.

1.313

[SYRUPS]

SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP) has a specific gravity of ___

TRUE

[SYRUPS]

TRUE OR FALSE:

SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP) has LOW SOLVENT capacity for water-soluble drugs.

TRUE

[SYRUPS]

TRUE OR FALSE:

SYRUP, NF (SIMPLE SYRUP) is SELF-PRESERVING.

TRUE

[SYRUPS]

TRUE OR FALSE:

DILUTED syrups are prone to microbial contamination thus require additional preservative (i.e. PARABENS)

TRUE

[SYRUPS]

TRUE OR FALSE:

SATURATED solutions tend to crystallize more.

Syrup, USP

[SYRUPS]

This syrup has MINIMAL tendency to crystallize compared to Syrup, NF (simple syrup)

● Solution with the Aid of Heat

● Solution by Agitation without Heat

● Reconstitution/ Addition of Sucrose to a Medicated or Flavored Liquid

● Percolation

[SYRUPS]

Methods of preparing syrups

Solution with the Aid of Heat

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Excessive heat can cause INVERSION of sucrose, causing bitter taste.

Solution with the Aid of Heat

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Rapid method which is suitable for constituents that are not volatile or degraded by heat.

80 C to 85 C

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

In Solution with the Aid of Heat, purified water is heated to ___ C.

Solution by Agitation without Heat

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

This is used in cases in which heat would cause degradation or volatilize formulation constituents.

Reconstitution

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Addition of sucrose to a medicated liquid or to a flavored liquid.

Reconstitution

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Commonly used with FLUIDEXTRACTS or TINCTURES.

● Fluid Extracts

● Tinctures

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Reconstitution is commonly used with ___ or ___

Percolation

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

This involves the PASSAGE of the water or drug through a BED of CRYSTALLINE SUCROSE.

Crystalline sucrose

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Percolation involves the passage of the water or drug through a bed of ____.

Percolation

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Used for Simple Syrup and Ipecac Syrup.

● Simple Syrup

● Ipecac Syrup

[METHODS OF PREPARING SYRUPS]

Percolation is used for ___ and ___