Soc 113 Exam 2

How do sociologists define race?

People have different physical appearances, but sociologists say that biological racial differences don’t exist.

How do sociologists define ethnicity?

ethnic groups are groups where membership is based in shared cultural heritage and is often connected with national, geographic, or linguistic identity

What are the main differences between race and ethnicity?

Race is socially constructed and externally imposed, Ethnicity you voluntarily identify with

What do sociologists mean when they say that race is a social construct?

Depends on context (historical, political, national, cultural etc.)

How has the definition of who is considered “White” changed over time?

European ethnic groups from 19th and 20th century were not considered white, became perceived as white

How the measurement of race has changed over time

one drop rule and finding defining facial features, to color of skin

What is the defenition of racism

he belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits

What are the three key beliefs that characterize racist thinking

Humans are divided into distinct bloodlines and/ or physical types 

These bloodlines or physical traits are linked to distinct cultures, behaviors, personalities, and intellectual abilities 

Certain groups are superior to others

What is the definition of structural/institutional racism? What are some examples of this in practice?

institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups 

These patterns and practices in turn reinforce discriminatory beliefs, values and distributions of resources

What is the one-drop rule? How is this related to the social construction of race?

he belief that “one drop” of black blood makes a person Black, a concept that evolved from US laws forbidding miscegenation

What is the definition of racialization? What are some examples of how groups of people have been racialized in the US?

the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Difference between prejudice vs discrimination

Prejudice is thought (beliefs, sterotypes, ect)  

Discrimination is action

what is redlining

Housing discrimination that came from redlining maps

Who has the highest incarceration rate

Black men

What types of policies are hte main drivers of mass incarceration

state policy

How did European and US settlers racialize indigenous Americans

Treated them as other and savage 

Viewed indigenous people as needed to be civilized 

Often lumped together multiple tribal nations

What is “blood quantum?” Where did this practice originate

the percentage of native of “indian” blood someone has 

Originally introduced by federal govenemrnt and limited tribal citizenship 

Some tribes require a certain percentanfe of tribal blood for citizenship; others have moved away from this system 

Controversial measure 

What are some examples of how Indigenous Americans were forcibly assimilated into US society?

Boarding schools, and adoption/ fostering placement programs

At its peak, what percentage of Native school-age children were attending boarding schools?

83%

What is the (ICWA)?

Indian Child Welfare Act

What are the basic tenets of ICWA?

Established federal standards for removal of native children from families 

Delineates roles of state and tribal governments in child welfare cases 

Establishes preference for placement with family and tribal members 

Institutes protections for parents regarding the termination of parental rights 

In what year was ICWA passed?

1978

What are some arguments against ICWA, according to the podcast you listened to?

that it is making it harder for native children to be put in loving homes. It is a “racist” policy

What are some arguments in defense of ICWA?

Native children should be raised in their native communities sot hey have access to the culture

What is the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

Primary purpose to reduce rise in chinese immigrants to the US (especially california) 

Originally suspended Chinese immigration for ten years 

Declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization 

Prohibited reentry to the US for many Chinese immigrants 

Laws not repealed until 1943 

When was the Chinease Exclusion Act repealed?

1943

What is migration?

The movement of people from one place to another 

Can occur on domestically (within countries) and internationally

What is immigration?

The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence 

International migration

What percent of the population are global migrants

3.5%

What is the difference between immigration and migration

Migration = General movement of people (can be internal or international).

Immigration = Entering a new country to live permanently.

What did the average person think the migration rate was in their country

24%

What was the percent estimation of immigrants in the US vs the actual percentage

33% vs 15%

What percent of UT county is foreign born

8%

What percent have immigrants made up of the population since 1850

5% to 15%

Basic stipulations and consequences of Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRAIRA)

Retroactive (could apply to past offenses) 

3 year bar from re-entry (undocumented for 6 months- 1 year) 

10-year bar from re-entry (undocumented for 1 = year)

What social welfare programs do undocumented immigrants have access to?

Free public education 

Medical services for emergencies only

What purpose of immigration policy does the US prioritize

security