CPSC 315

Broadband

• high speed internet connection

• makes feasible transfer of very large files

• growth in file-swapping growth parallels growth in broadband

Information age catalyst

• low cost computers

• high speed communication networks

Assembly Language

Symbolic representation of machine instructions. Programs just as long as machine language programs

FORTRAN

• First higher-level language

• Designed for scientific applications

COBOL

• US Department of Defense standard

• Designed for business applications

BASIC

Popular language for teaching programming

Transistor

Replacement for vacuum tube

Integrated circuit

Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors

Time Sharing systems

• Divide computer time among multiple users

• Users connect to computer via terminals

• Cost of ownership spread among more people

• Gave many more people access to computers

Objectivism

Morality has an existence outside the human mind

Examples of Objectivism

1. Divine command theory

2. Ethical Egoisim

3. Kantianism

4. Utilitarianism

5. Social contract Theory

Cultural Relativism

What is right or wrong depends upon a society’s actual moral guidelines

Divine command theory

Good actions: those aligned with God’s will

Ethical Egoism

Each person should focus exclusively on his or her self-interest

Kantianism

Good will: the desire to do the right thing

Act Utilitarianism

An action is right or wrong to the extent that it increases or decreases the total happiness of the affected parties

Social Contract Theory

We implicitly accept a social contract

Rawl’s difference principle

Be the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society

Virtue Ethics

A right action is an action that a virtuous person, acting in character, would do in the same circumstance

Definition of a computer

Input, process, output

Robots

Imitate human activities

What made spreadsheets “killer apps” for personal computers

They enabled financial calculations and modeling to be done faster and more accurately

Automation increases income

By reducing repetitive labor and improving efficiency

Deep Blue

Defeated the world chess champion in the year 1997

Watson

Won Jeopardy in 2011

Direct censorship

• Government monopolization

• Prepublication review

• Licensing and registration

Intellectual property

Any unique product of the human intellect that has commercial value

Trade Secret

Confidential piece of intellectual property that gives company a competitive advantage

Trademark

Identifies goods

Service mark

Identifies services

Patent

A public document that provides detailed description of invention

Copyright

Provides owner of an original work 5 rights

1. Reproduction

2. Distribution

3. Public display

4. Public performance

5. Production of derivative works

Fair use

Sometimes legal to reproduce a copyrighted work without permission

Examples:

Sony v Universal City Studios: Time Shifting

Kelly v. Arriba Soft

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Made it illegal for anyone to circumvent encryption schemes placed on digital media and copy control

Apple v Franklin Computer

Established that object programs are copyrightable

Audio Home Recording Act of 1922

Protects rights of consumers to make copies of analog or digital recordings for personal, noncommercial use

• Backup copy

• Give to family member

Illegal downloading =

Copyright violation

Public record

Information about an incident or action reported to a government agency for purpose of informing the public

Private Record

• Credit card purchase

• Purchase made with loyalty cards

OneDOJ Database

Database constructed by the US Department of Justice. Gives state and local police officers access to information provided by fiver federal law enforncement agencies

Federal Communications Act

Made wiretapping illegal

• FBI continue secret wiretapping

Operation Shamrock

Continuation of WW2 interception of international telegrams

NSA access to telephone records

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court had ordered Verizon to provide NSA with all of its telephone metadata for 3-month period in 2013

Examples of information dissemination

Freedom of Information Act

Carpenter Ruling

The givernment generally needs a warrant based on probable cause to access a person’s cell-site location information

Identity Theft

When someone steals and uses your personal or financial information without permission to commit fraud or impersonate for illegal activites

Census Breach WW2

The US provided confidential data, including names, addresses, and ancestry to military and intelligence agencies

Epic v Facebook

Complaint by EPIC against Facebook for violating user privacy through deceptive practices

Conficker Worm

Appeared in 2008 on Windows computers. Difficult to eradicate. Millions of copies of worm are circulating. Purpose of worm still unkown

Botnet

Collection of bot-infected computers controlled by the same command and control program

Social engineering

Psychological manipulation technique used to deceive individuals into divulging confidential information

Antivirus

Allow computer users to detect and destroy viruses

Password Donts

Do not use a word from the dictionary

How viruses spread

• Diskettes or CDs

• Email

• Files downloaded from internet

Patriot Missile

One battery failed to shoot at Scud that killed 28 soldiers

Ariane 5

40 seconds into maiden flight, the rocket self-destructed. A statement assigning a floating-point value to integer raised exception

Mars Climate Orbirter

Disintegrated in Martian atmosphere because Lockheed design used English units and JPL design used metric units

Therac-25

Hardware safety features replaced with software

Validation

Does the model accurately represent the real system

Verification

Does the program correctly implement the model?

Code of Ethics

1. Act consistently with public intererst

2. Act in best interest of client and employer

3. Ensure products meet highest standards

4. Maintain integrity and professional judgement

5. Promote effective project management

6. Advance the profession

7. be fair to and supportive of colleagues

8. Participate in lifelong learning

Characteristics of a profession

1. Initial professional education

2. Accreditation

3. Skills development

4. Certification

5. Licensing

6. Professional development

7. Code of Ethics

8. Professional society

Reducing winner-take-all effects

Businesses form cooperative agreements to reduce positional arms races

• Ex: salary caps on pro sports teams

Employee Polygraph Protection Act

Federal law that generally prevents most private employers from using lie detector test for per-employment screening or during employment

Globalization

Process of creating a worldwide network of businesses and markets

Economy depends on

gig work

False Positive

The system says something is present when it actually is not

False Negative

The system says nothing is present when it actually is

Technological Diffusion

The process by which a new technology is adopted, spreads, and becomes widely used

Deep Linking Legality

Is legal as long as it does not involve copying, misrepresenting, or bypassing protections

Zombie (Bot)

A device that has been infected with malware, controlled remotely by an attacker

File manager

viewed as an inventory of assets

Chip cards reduce

Counterfeit fraud