Carbo, Lipids, Protein, Enzymes, and Vita

glycogenolysis

glycogen into glucose

gluconeogenesis

harvesting amino acids, waste products and fat byproducts to manifacture glucose

Ethanol

Precipitate the glycogen from the solution

 Benedict’s Test

Reducing sugars

 Benedict’s Test

ketoses to aldoses

 brick-red precipitate 

 Benedict’s Test

 Benedict’s Test

all monosaccharides and most disaccharides

Barfoed’s Test

Oxidizes the monosaccharides

Barfoed’s Test

Positive brick red

Barfoed’s Test

 Ketoses do not isomerize with this reagent

Seliwanoff’s Test 

cherry red

Ketohexose

Dehydration

Bial’s-Orcinol Test

Pentoses

Bial’s-Orcinol Test

Blue Green

 Molisch’s Test

purple or a purplish-red ring

Fehling’s Test

Has two solutions combined

Fehlings A

Blue

Fehlings B

Clear

Fehling’s combined

Deep blue

Fehling’s

Reddish-brown precipitate

Tollens Test

Aldehydes and Ketones

Tollens Test

silver mirror test. It gives a white precipitate of silver

 Iodine Test

Starch

 Iodine Test

Ø blue-black colored

 Molisch’s Test

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are also called

Saccharides

Saccharide means

Sugar

CnH206

Hydrate of Carbon

Provides a short term energy reserve

Glycogen

How is Carbohydrates linked to lipids

in cell membrane

How is Carbohydrates linked to Proteins

In biological Processes

Hadedness

Left handed and Right Handed

Isomers has?

Structural Isomers and Stereoisomers

Superimposable mirror image

coincide at all points when laid upon each other

Nonsuperimposable mirror image

do not coincide at all points when laid upon each other

Chiral Center

The atom in a molecule that has four different tetrahedrally bounded to it

Mirror are Superimposable or Nonsuperimposable?

Nonsuperimposable

Isomers

Compounds possessing identical molecular formula but different structures

Structural Isomerism

Same formula, different structures

Steroisomerism

Same formula, same structure, but different in configuration or arrangement of atoms in space

What allows the formation of stereoisomers?

Chiral Centers

Enantiomers

Steroisomers whose molecules are non superimposable

Diastereomers

Steroisomers whose molecules are mirror images of each other

Optical Steroisomerism

The capacity of a substance to rotate the plane polarized light passing through it

Clockwise

Right, Positive

Counter Clockwise

Left, Negative

Epimerism

Two monosaccharide differ from each other in their configuration around single specific carbon

Anomerism

Isomers obtained from the change of position of hydroxyl group to the anomeric carbon and B glucose

Mutarotaion

Change in specific optical rotation by the interconversion of A and B forms of glucose in an equilibrium mixture

The sweetest sugar

Fructose

The least sweetest

Lactose

Who invented the Fisher Projection?

Hermann Emil Fisher

What is Fisher Projection used to present?

Carbohydrates

Who invented the Haworth Projection?

Walter Norman Haworth

What is Haworth Projection used to present?

three dimensional structure of a cyclic form of monosaccharide

Pyran

5 sides

Furan

6 sides

Disaccharides ar formed by

Condensation

If the glycosidic bond has sucrose?

Non-Reducing

If the glycosidic bond has maltose and lactose?

Reducing

Maltose

Malt Sugar

How is maltose obtained

Hydrolysis of startch

Is fatty acid synthesized in the body?

No

How is fatty acid obtained?

Through diet

What is Fatty Acid also called?

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

High melting point __ Melting Point

Low

High Carbon Chains __ Melting Point

High

High Carbon Chains __ Water Solubility

Low

Omega

Number of Carbon atoms from Methyl to the last carbon to carbon double bond

w-n

omega

△x

Delta

Delta

Location of Double Bond

Trivial

Common Name

buta

Hexa

6

8

Octa

10

Deca

12

Dodecahedron

14

Tetradeca

16

Hexadeca

18

Octadeca

20

Elcosa

24

Tetraeiocosa

Saturated

-anoic acid

Unsaturated

-aenoic acid

What has one or more double c=c bonds

Unsaturated

What has only c-c carbon bonds

Saturated

Low melting point

Unsaturated

Liquid at room temperature

Unsaturated

High melting point

Saturated

Solid at room temperature

Saturated

Short chain fatty acid

4-6 carbon chain

medium chain fatty acid

8-10 carbon chain

long chain fatty acid

12-26

Where is odd chain fatty acid seen?

In milk and microbial cell walls

Where is even chain fatty acid seen?

natural lipids

fatty acids always have __ number of carbons

even

fatty acids have carbon chain that is __

unbranched

____ of internal organs

protection

____ of many steroid hormones

precursor